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08. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The document provides a comprehensive overview of the central processing unit (CPU), describing its components such as the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, registers, and cache. It explains the function, architecture, and types of CPUs, including multicore and system on a chip (SoC) designs, as well as notable CPU vendors like Intel and AMD. Additionally, it outlines the evolution of Intel's microarchitectures and the significance of CPU generations and sockets.

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CPU Central Processing Unit
Central Processing Unit  Microprocessor  The Chip  The Processor 2
CPUs 3
CPU  The brain of a computer system where calculations and decisions are made  The main part of the computer that manages, stores, and uses data  A silicon chip which normally contains millions of transistors  https://duckduckgo.com/?q=define+central processing unit  https://www.google.com/search?q=CPU&tbs=dfn:1 4
Components of a CPU Two main components  Arithmetic Logic Unit  Control Unit Other components  Registers  Cache … etc 5
 The unit that performs arithmetic and logic operations such as addition, subtraction, shifting operations and logic instructions (boolean comparisons, such as AND, OR, XOR, and NOT operations)  ALUs are designed to perform integer calculations. Therefore, besides adding and subtracting, ALUs often handle the multiplications, since the result is also an integer  FPU (Floating-Point Unit) ● ALUs typically do not perform division operations, as the result may be a fraction, or a "floating point" number. Instead, division operations are usually handled by the FPU, which also performs other non-integer calculations 6 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
7 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
 The control unit is basically circuitry inside the CPU, controlling the operations inside the CPU and "directing traffic" in a sense. The functions a control unit performs can depend on the type of CPU, since the varying degrees of architecture between all the different CPUs will determine the functions of the control unit  Handles all processor control signals. It directs all input and output flow, fetches code for instructions from microprograms and directs other units and models by providing control and timing signals 8 Control Unit (CU)
Registers  Local storage space on a CPU that holds data that is being processed. Registers generally occupy the top-most position in the memory hierarchy, providing high-speed and fast access  Generally measured in terms of bits to determine the amount of data they can hold. For example, the two most frequently used terms, 32-bit processor’ and 64-bit processor, generally refer to the size of the register on the processor  Processor registers are normally made of static or dynamic random access memory (RAM) cells. Static RAM offers faster access to data than dynamic RAM, which is relatively slow  Categories of Registers ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register#Categories_of_registers 9
Cache  CPU Cache is a data storage section of a CPU or processor. Its purpose is to "cache" (or "keep in hand") the next set of instructions and data that is currently needed  Slower than Registers, Faster than Main Memory  Comes in different levels. L1, L2, L3  L3 normally used to found outside the CPU usually in Motherboard of High End machines (Gaming, Servers etc.). Certain newer CPUs contain on-die L3 cache  Speed (performance): L1 > L2 > L3  Size (capacity): L1 < L2 < L3  Typical Core I CPU contains ● L1 cache 64 kB per core ● L2 cache 256 kB per core ● L3 cache 1 MB to 8 MB shared  55 10
CPU Diagrams 11
CPU Vendors  Intel  AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) 12
CPU Vendors  List of Intel microprocessors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors  List of AMD microprocessors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessors Different manufacturers use different CPU architectures and technologies. Therefore similar CPU related terms such as Cache may different as well… 13
Microarchitecture  The microword definition, data flow, timing constraints, and precedence constraints that characterize a given microprogrammed computer ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CPU_architectures ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CPU_architectures#Microa rchitectures ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_CPU_microarchitectures 14
Intel Microarchitectures  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures  Semiconductor device fabrication ● Semiconductor manufacturing processes measured by nanometers ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication  Intel Tick-Tock ● Every "tick" is a shrinking of process technology of the previous microarchitecture and every "tock" is a new microarchitecture ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Tick-Tock 15
Intel Microarchitectures 16 Microarchitecture Fabrication process Major CPUs NetBurst 65 nm Pentium 4 Core 65 nm, 45 nm Core 2 Nehalem 45 nm, 32 nm Core i3 Core i5 Core i7 Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge 32 nm Ivy Bridge 22 nm Haswell Haswell 22 nm Broadwell 14 nm Notable Microarchitectures
Intel Core CPU Generations  Processor Generation of a Core I CPU is a term used to identify certain CPU families  Instead of using microarchitecture names, simply a generation name is used  Generation can be determined by the relevant Sub Microarchitecture Codename or CPU model no.  1st Generation: Nehalem (~45nm)  2nd Generation: Sandy Bridge (~32nm)  3rd Generation: Ivy Bridge (~22nm)  4th Generation: Haswell (~22nm) 17
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Core Generations 18 Generation CPU Model No. Sample 1st Core i# - ### Core i5 - 750 2nd Core i# - 2### Core i5 - 2310 3rd Core i# - 3### Core i5 - 3450 4th Core i# - 4### Core i5 - 4570  CPU Generation or its Microarchitecture Codename can be determined by the CPU model no. Here # is a number. Not a letter
CPU Socket  A CPU socket or CPU slot is a mechanical component that provides mechanical and electrical connections between a microprocessor and the motherboard  Typically made of plastic. Has a lever or latch and metal contacts for each of the pins or lands on the CPU. Many packages are keyed to ensure the proper insertion  Earlier Sockets had holes, as older CPUs had pins, and newer sockets have pins as newer CPUs are pin-less ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket ● http://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/ 19
CPU Socket 20 Socket Major CPUs Socket 478 Pentium 4 LGA 775 Core 2 Duo LGA 1156 Core i3, i5 (1st Gen) LGA 1155 Core i3, i5 (2nd, 3rd Gen) Notable Intel CPU Sockets
CPU Socket 21
Threads  In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by an operating system scheduler  Multithreading ● Multithreading CPUs have hardware support to efficiently execute multiple threads  Hyperthreading ● Hyper-Threading Technology or HT Technology is Intel's proprietary simultaneous multithreading (SMT) implementation used to improve parallelization of computations  Here a Logical Core is called as a thread 22
Multicore  A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units (Physical Cores)  Normally a Core means a Physical Core and a Thread means a Logical Core  Multicore systems have more than one Cores  Dual-Core and Quad-Core CPUs are common 23
Multicore  Dual-Core ● Pentium D ● Core 2 Duo ● Core i3 Dual Core  Quad-Core ● Core 2 Quad ● Core i5 Quad Core  Intel's Core i# numbering scheme o i#-6## and down: dual core o i#-7## and up: quad core 24
Multicore Multicore Cache Distribution 25
Multicore 26 Multicore Cache Distribution
Processor Types  Server Processors  Desktop Processors  Mobile (Notebook) CPUs  CPUs for other Mobile Devices 27
Server Processors  High Speed  Multiple CPUs used  Bigger Cache  Examples ● Intel Xeon, AMD Opteron 28
Mobile (Notebook) CPUs  Compared to Desktop CPUs ● Smaller Cache ● Less Power Consumption ● Less Performance  Typically vendors include special letters like M (for mobile) in notebook CPUs 29
CPUs for other Mobile Devices  Mobile Devices like Mobile Phones, Tabs use CPUs  Newer high end devices use Multicore CPUs  Examples ● Sony Xperia Z: 1.5 GHz quad-core Qualcomm Krait ● Samsung Galaxy S4 1.2 GHz quad-core Cortex-A7, 1.6 GHz quad-core 1.6 GHz quad-core Cortex-A15 + 30
Future: SoC  A System on a Chip or System on Chip (SoC) is an integrated circuit (IC) that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip  Integrates almost all components into a single silicon chip. Along with a CPU, an SoC usually contains a GPU, memory, USB controller, power management circuits, and wireless radios.  Whereas a CPU cannot function without dozens of other chips, it’s possible to build complete computers with just a single SoC ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip 31
SoC (System on a Chip)  SoC vs. CPU ● CPUs are on the way out. Eventually, SoCs will almost completely consume CPUs ● http://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the- battle-for-the-future-of-computing 32
SoC (System on a Chip) 33 ARM server SoC: Calxeda EnergyCore ECX-1000 Block Diagram
CPU: Considerations  Motherboard ● Socket ● Chipset 34
More Links and References  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_ of_Intel_processors  https://duckduckgo.com/?q=CPU  https://www.google.com/search?q=CPU 35
Thank You! Ayubowan!