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Резюме : The IA underpins the revision of ENISA's mandate to adapt it to the evolving cybersecurity threat landscape and the main stakeholder needs. It also supports: the revision of the ECCF to expand and clarify its scope and improve its governance and procedures; targeted amendments to the NIS2 Directive to facilitate and align compliance across the internal market; the filling of regulatory gaps by setting up an EU-level framework to enhance ICT supply chain security against non-technical risks. The IA effectively substantiates the need for a revision of the Cybersecurity Act. It presents a well-evidenced problem definition and identifies the initiative's general and specific objectives, which broadly meet the S.M.A.R.T. criteria (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound), though not fully, and it does not include operational objectives. The IA provides a well-structured intervention logic linking the specific objectives with the identified problems, drivers, proposed policy options and key measures. The need for EU action is sufficiently justified, but, despite the initiative's political significance, the IA is not supported by a subsidiarity grid, and it does include a distinct section on proportionality. The IA considers four areas of intervention, each with a set of three policy options considered in view of the specific objectives. Each policy option consists of a set of key measures linked to the identified problems, their underlying drivers, and the specific objectives. However, the design and description of options and the choice of the preferred package raise some questions, which are presented in the dedicated section of this analysis. The IA considers, qualitatively and quantitatively, economic, social, and environmental impacts, although it analyses economic impacts more than the others. The analysis includes an SME test to examine the initiative's direct and indirect impacts on SMEs, and the IA addresses impacts on competitiveness systematically. Overall, the IA presents its key methodological considerations and is transparent about the evidence and analytical methods used, including limitations and underlying assumptions. The feedback from stakeholder consultation activities could have been given more consideration in the IA, particularly regarding the available policy options and their potential impacts. The IA presents a non-exhaustive list of monitoring indicators linked to each specific objective and suggests carrying out an evaluation to assess the initiative's effectiveness. The Regulatory Scrutiny Board issued a positive opinion with reservations on the draft IA after initially issuing a negative opinion due to serious shortcomings. The Board's recommendations have largely been addressed in the final IA, with some issues remaining. Finally, it appears that both proposals are mostly in line with the preferred option of the IA, with a couple of issues remaining.

Автори : EFTHYMIADOU Andriana

Резюме : On 7 April 2026, the European Commission published a proposal for a regulation on the European Union Space Services Agency. The proposal aims to provide the current European Union Agency for the Space Programme, established in 2004, with a specific legal basis, to ensure the continuity of operations beyond the current (2021-2027) EU multiannual financial framework. It includes proposed provisions on the agency's governance and tasks in relation to the operation of EU space infrastructure and services. Nevertheless, these proposed tasks are not exhaustive, and could be complemented by a set of additional tasks as included in the proposal for a regulation on an EU space act, currently under examination.

Автори : EVROUX CLEMENT THIERRY

Резюме : The Commission has included two legislative initiatives in its 2026 work programme, both aimed at reviving EU competitiveness through innovation: the EU innovation act and the EU research act. While the first initiative is expected to enhance the framework conditions for the creation and scale-up of innovation, the second would focus on encouraging further public and private investment in research and innovation. Given their complementarity in the same policy domain of EU research and innovation, this briefing provides a combined analysis of their expected objectives and provisions, as well as the relevant positions expressed by the other EU institutions and stakeholders. These initiatives would address several key challenges to enhance Europe’s competitiveness. These include: - Strengthening investment in research and innovation across the public and private sectors to match the target of an annual volume of investment in R&D equivalent to 3 % of GDP; - Facilitating access to finance for innovative companies, including small and medium-sized businesses; - Pooling the research and innovation agenda across Member States, harnessing the relevant EU programmes Horizon Europe and the European Competitiveness Fund; - Improving the framework conditions for the diffusion of innovation across the single market, including through the development of regulatory schemes supporting the testing of innovative solutions (regulatory sandboxes).

Автори : EVROUX CLEMENT THIERRY

Резюме : The IA underpins the proposed legislation that aims to strengthen EU manufacturing and strategic autonomy while ensuring decarbonisation, by boosting demand for low-carbon and EU made products and net zero technologies, promoting foreign investment and simplifying permitting procedures. It provides three policy option packages linked to specific objectives, and explains the need for EU action. However, the IA does not properly set out the reasoning for all the objectives chosen. The policy measures could have been presented in a clearer way, with an explanation of the cumulative effect of combining them. The IA assesses economic impacts in detail but lacks an in-depth analysis of the social and environmental impacts or the implications for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Stakeholders' views on measures are integrated throughout the IA, and the consultation activities are adequately described. The IA offers both qualitative and quantitative analysis, but on several occasions the sources are partial or even questionable. Most Regulatory Scrutiny Board (RSB) recommendations have been taken on board, improving the quality of the IA. The Commission's legislative proposal differs from the preferred policy option, which is clarified in the explanatory memorandum.

Автори : GRGAS BRUS KATARINA

Резюме : This study examines the future deployment of Automated Vehicles in the European Union through an analysis combining technological assessment, scenario development, and policy evaluation. Building on recent advances in Artificial Intelligence, Software-Defined Vehicles, and Intelligent Infrastructure, the study develops three scenarios – European Leadership, Selective Strengths and Dependencies, and External Dependence – to explore how Europe's regulatory and industrial position might evolve. These scenarios serve as a framework for assessing policy options related to legislation, deployment, and EU support for research and development.

Външен автор : Botsch, Michael; Huber, Werner

Резюме : The EU's Horizon Europe framework programme promotes European innovation. The current Horizon Europe programme uses 'Widening' measures to target Member States, support their capacity to innovate, close gaps between EU countries and move towards performance convergence. This study provides a framework and associated indicator options for establishing a systemic 'Widening 2.0' methodology which could prove instrumental in discussing post-Horizon Europe 'widening' support measures. It is based on assessment of research and innovation indicators of targeted 'widening' countries, looking at the economic and research impact that Horizon Europe may have had between 2018 and 2025

Автори : VÄLJAMÄE ALEKSANDER

Външен автор : Veugelers, Reinhilde

Автори : SERPIERI Margherita

Резюме : The impact assessment (IA) underpins the two core measures under the energy grids package: a proposed regulation for guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure (TEN-E Regulation) and a proposed directive to accelerate permit-granting procedures. The proposals would amend key EU energy legislation and replace the current TEN-E Regulation, which was only revised in June 2022. The IA features a solid intervention logic, with a detailed problem definition and matching objectives (including S.M.A.R.T. operational objectives). It puts forward three policy options, which could be presented in a clearer manner. The preferred policy option envisages stronger EU-level coordination in relation to the existing legal framework and targeted legislative changes to accelerate permitting. Despite the initiative's political significance, it is not supported by a subsidiarity grid. The assessment of subsidiarity and proportionality appears unconvincing: the additional EU value of the present initiative could have been explained in greater depth, while proportionality is only considered in the comparison of the options. Four national parliaments have issued reasoned opinions to express their concerns in relation to subsidiarity and proportionality. The IA assesses economic, social and environmental impacts and impacts on digitalisation, with a clear focus on economic impacts. Despite the initiative's obvious regional/territorial dimension, the IA does not consider territorial impacts, as was flagged in the European Committee of the Regions' recent opinion on the file. It draws on a strong and seemingly balanced evidence base, which includes two European Commission implementation reports (on the TEN-E Regulation and the Renewable Energy Directive) carried out back-to-back with the IA, further relevant reports from EU institutions and agencies, as well as six commissioned studies, including the infrastructure gaps report (part of the Ten-year Network Development Plans (TYNDP)) by ENTSO-E, the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity. The IA includes a foresight dimension in as far as it makes use of modelling-based scenarios for long-term needs projections. Stakeholder input was mainly gathered through an open public consultation. Additional targeted consultations in the form of in-depth interviews are merely mentioned in the IA but without further detail. The IA could be more transparent in this respect. The Regulatory Scrutiny Board issued a 'positive with reservations' opinion on the draft IA. The Board's recommendations have largely been addressed in the final IA. Overall, both legislative proposals appear to be aligned with the preferred option identified in the IA.

Автори : ANGLMAYER Irmgard

Резюме : Issues at stake The EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) Directive obliges the European Commission to report on progress by July 2026, potentially leading to legislative proposals where appropriate, on: • The inclusion of municipal waste incinerators and landfills; • How to account for negative emissions resulting from greenhouse gases (GHG) that are removed from the atmosphere and safely and permanently stored; • The expansion of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions coverage to include international aviation within the EU ETS, pending an assessment of the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation, • The inclusion of combustion installations below 20 megawatts (MW) of total rated thermal input (capacity); • How to account for GHG emissions captured and utilised (CCU) in a product that enters the atmosphere after a certain period (non-permanent CCU); Additionally, the EU ETS Directive requires the Commission to address other issues with later deadlines. These include: • The inclusion of GHG emissions from medium-sized offshore and cargo ships; • The expansion of GHG emissions coverage for international maritime voyages beyond the existing 50 %, if the International Maritime Organization does not adopt a global market measure to reduce GHG emissions; • The assessment of non-CO₂ aviation effects; • The impact of carbon leakage on sectors not covered by Regulation (EU) 2023/956 on the carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM).

Автори : LÓPEZ HERNÁNDEZ Juan Fernando

Резюме : The impact assessment (IA) identifies four problems relating to slow development and deployment of advanced digital networks in the EU. Relying on the evaluation of the current regulatory framework, the IA discusses the problem drivers, defines specific objectives, and compares and ranks policy options. The objectives are generally well defined. However, the second specific objective refers to closing the high-quality connectivity gap with competing regions without acknowledging that its achievement also depends on developments in those regions. The third specific objective, on increasing pan-European network operation and service provision, is defined in rather generic terms. The policy options seem relevant and sufficiently distinct, although the presentation of the options is not well balanced, with some options discussed in more detail than others. The IA assesses the economic, social and environmental impacts of policy options, although the analysis varies in depth across the problems and options. The costs and benefits for major stakeholders are analysed, including for small and medium-sized enterprises. The preferred options are chosen transparently, and they generally follow the conclusions of the comparative assessments. However, several preferred options could have been justified more effectively. For example, the preferred option for governance has been selected despite ranking second best in the comparison of policy options. Whereas subsidiarity is sufficiently addressed, proportionality is discussed only briefly and selectively. The IA defines a set of indicators and operational objectives to monitor actual impacts. However, some of these indicators are not sufficiently explained, and lack specific targets. The IA makes use of a wealth of data and sources, including feedback from all major stakeholders. The methodology, data and sources are generally explained, although some references are missing or are incomplete. The Regulatory Scrutiny Board (RSB) issued a 'positive with reservations' opinion on the draft IA after initially issuing a negative opinion. The revised draft appears to have addressed the RSB's comments. The proposal appears generally to follow the preferred policy options identified in the IA. One notable addition in the proposal is the creation of a voluntary conciliation mechanism to facilitate dialogue on technical and commercial arrangements, which was not properly addressed in the IA.

Автори : DUMBRAVA Costica

Автори : SANDERSKI ANDRZEJ, CROSSFIELD CLARE BABETTE, SERPIERI Margherita

Резюме : In December 2025, the European Commission published a communication entitled Strengthening EU economic security as a follow-up to its 2023 economic security strategy. Economic developments – whether related to trade, investment or industry – are increasingly viewed through the lens of security. From a foresight perspective, this development can be analysed as the result of three overlapping and partly reinforcing trends. The first is the weakening of a value-based approach to the economy, as exemplified by fair trade agreements and the EU Green Deal. The second is the rise of geo-economics, which places the interests of countries and regional blocks at the forefront, increasing the need for mitigating policies such as economic security. The third is the growing interaction between defence policy and economic policy, with military security influencing economic decisions and the defence sector growing in importance in the EU economy. This briefing argues that these combined trends are transforming the EU's economic policy and economy, and that the growing prominence of security as a guiding principle of economic and trade policies is bringing the question of EU strategic autonomy back to the centre of EU policy. Although the increasing importance of economic and defence security appears to be mutually reinforcing, with both trends potentially enhancing EU strategic autonomy, synergy between them is not a given. The raw materials and finances needed to reinforce the EU defence industrial base require a strong and open economy. However, concerns about foreign influence require economic decoupling from certain countries (e.g. Russia) and de-risking from others (e.g. China). Moreover, the EU faces unexpectedly difficult choices in its relations with the United States (US), where its dependence on US support in defence and security reduces its capacity to act independently as an economic player and rule-maker.

Автори : DAMEN Mario

Резюме : Academic freedom is widely recognised as a fundamental value of contemporary higher education and research, and as a prerequisite for well-functioning democratic societies. However, in recent years, major concerns have been expressed by various stakeholders about the state of academic freedom in the European Union. The European Parliament annual Academic Freedom Monitor aims to improve the promotion and protection of academic freedom in the EU. The 2025 edition is organised in two parts. The first part consists of an update of existing measures of academic freedom in all EU Member States, an updated overview of public debate and studies of the state of academic freedom in four selected EU Member States, and an examination of the EU's state of academic freedom in a global context. The second part contains a thematic analysis of the potential impact of selected trends in academic freedom within the EU, namely political polarisation, recent developments in the US higher education and research system, the commercialisation of academia, and foreign interference. Furthermore, EU-level policy options are proposed for possible legislative and non-legislative initiatives to enhance the support for academic freedom in the EU Member States.

Външен автор : Ceran, Olga; Kosta, Vasiliki; Maassen, Peter A. M.; Martinsen, Dennis; Mattei, Paola; Živanić, Lazar , Živanić, Lazar

Резюме : Quantum technologies have transformative potential and are already exerting a significant impact on global economies and society. The European Union (EU) supports the development of these technologies through initiatives such as the Quantum Flagship and Horizon Europe, as well as through national initiatives and programmes. However, the specific role of quantum technologies in supporting the EU's energy and climate goals has so far received limited and fragmented policy attention. This briefing explores how the emerging quantum ecosystem could help accelerate decarbonisation and address the existing innovation gap that must be bridged to achieve climate neutrality (i.e. net-zero emissions) by 2050. Achieving this goal requires technological breakthroughs in sectors that are currently difficult to decarbonise. Quantum computing has the potential to transform these areas by, for example, simulating complex molecular interactions that classical computers cannot handle efficiently. Such capabilities could fast-track the development of more efficient batteries, green hydrogen catalysts and carbon capture materials. Quantum sensing is already providing precise tools for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions, and quantum communication has the potential to secure the critical digital infrastructure of future electricity grids. Available evidence indicates that, while the EU is investing seriously in quantum research, it currently lacks a coordinated strategy linking these technologies explicitly to decarbonisation. With the European Commission expected to adopt a quantum act in 2026, policymakers have a unique window of opportunity to address this gap. By integrating long-term decarbonisation objectives into the research and innovation framework, the EU can leverage its scientific leadership to drive the next generation of clean technologies.

Автори : GUEDES FERREIRA VASCO NUNO

Резюме : X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are particle accelerators that create pulses of light of extremely short duration, similar to that of some lasers used in eye surgery. Combined with the X-ray energy-domain, they enable a close examination of the shortest processes in nature – such as the way atoms move during a chemical reaction. Although Europe hosts some of the world-leading XFELs, the next generation may allow scientists to trace the motion of electrons in its entirety. This could make XFELs a poster case for investment in European research infrastructure or a moonshot project, with potential benefits for the European high-tech industrial sector.

Автори : VALE Antonio

Резюме : This briefing examines the role of biomethane and bioethanol in Europe’s energy transition, focusing on where these fuels are produced, their end-uses, and how policy frameworks shape their uptake. Biomethane, a renewable gas that can be injected into existing gas grids and is mainly used in heating and transport, and bioethanol, a renewable liquid fuel with a relevant role in road transport and industrial applications, rely on different feedstocks, technologies and infrastructures. Yet, both offer near-term decarbonisation options using existing energy systems. This briefing distinguishes between established and emerging production pathways, including advanced biofuels, and assesses their respective maturity and deployment challenges, with the aim of identifying policy and market conditions that enable stable, scalable and sustainable supply across the EU, its Member States, and the UK. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the Industry, Research and Energy Committee (ITRE)

Външен автор : Pouyan MALEKI-DIZAJI, Rainer JANSSEN, Jan WYNARSKY

Автори : SANDERSKI ANDRZEJ, SERPIERI Margherita

Резюме : As part of its sectoral proposals under the EU's long-term budget for 2028-2034, the European Commission presented a proposal for a Council regulation establishing the Euratom research and training programme for the period 2028-2032, complementing Horizon Europe. The Euratom research and training programme operates in scientific and technical areas covered by the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community. According to the Commission, in 2023, nuclear energy generated electricity in 12 of the 27 EU Member States and provided 22.8 % of Europe's electricity and half of EU low-carbon electricity in 2023. Beyond electricity, nuclear energy also provides other solutions, thanks to ionising radiation technologies. This is particularly true in the healthcare sector, where over 10 million patients across the EU benefit from nuclear medicines for diagnosis and treatment each year. The proposed Euratom research and training programme would support a complementary set of objectives covering a wide range of sectors, including progressing on nuclear fusion, improving the safety of nuclear plants and waste, and creating knowledge and solutions to contribute to EU overarching objectives.

Автори : EVROUX CLEMENT THIERRY

Резюме : The European Commission drew up seven impact assessments (IAs) in support of 18 programme proposals for the 2028-2034 multiannual financial framework (MFF) and the proposed regulation on a horizontal performance framework. The broad scope of these IAs does not allow individual programme proposals to be assessed in any detail – as is particularly salient in the case of the IA on the national and regional partnership plans, covering nine legislative proposals. All IAs acknowledge a deviation from the scope and depth of a standard IA as defined by the Better Regulation Guidelines (BRG). This is justified with Tool #9 of the BR Toolbox, which indicates the specificity of the MFF, but does not define how related IAs should be carried out. As a result, the application of the better regulation principles varies widely across the MFF IAs. They are similar insofar as the Commission chose for all of them a mostly horizontal rather than policy-specific approach and did not include any budgetary considerations and scenarios. These choices affect the quality of key sections of the IAs considerably, albeit to varying extents. The problem definition often lacks specificity and substantiation. Similarly, the IAs' objectives remain largely unspecific, which, in turn, affects the IAs' monitoring and evaluation provisions and risks hampering the future measuring of the objectives' achievement. The description of policy options is in most cases short and vague, which weakens the impact analysis. The depth to which economic, social and environmental impacts are assessed varies across the sampled IAs. The analysis remains predominantly qualitative, with quantification largely lacking. All seven MFF initiatives are deemed relevant for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) and are thus listed in the 'SME filter'. The IAs state that they place great emphasis on simplification and burden reduction. None of them is accompanied by a subsidiarity grid, and they discuss subsidiarity, European added value and proportionality rather briefly. While the IAs differ considerably in terms of quality and transparency when it comes to their evidence base and methodology, all of them acknowledge certain limitations and a lack of data (notably quantitative data). Consultation activities were largely limited to open public consultations. The Regulatory Scrutiny Board (RSB) found significant shortcomings in all seven draft IAs, prompting it, exceptionally, to issue opinions without qualification. The persisting flaws in the final IAs suggest that the RSB recommendations have at best been partially addressed. Altogether, the limited quality of the MFF IAs appears to reflect a missed opportunity to provide policymakers with high-quality and transparent evidence for one of the most important policy packages to be negotiated in the coming months and years.

Автори : ANGLMAYER Irmgard, KRAMER Esther

Резюме : This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the adoption, design, and impact of Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and Contracts for Difference (CfD) across the EU. It assesses current trends, market effects, and policy frameworks, and proposes actionable recommendations to resolve barriers to wider uptake. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the Industry, Research and Energy Committee (ITRE).

Външен автор : Andrea DEMURTAS, Mohammad ANSARIN, Csinszka BENE, Anna KRALLI, Timo VAN DELZEN, Luc VAN NUFFEL

Автори : SANDERSKI ANDRZEJ, SERPIERI Margherita

Резюме : The European Cybersecurity Act adopted in 2019 established a permanent mandate for the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) and introduced a European cybersecurity certification framework to strengthen trust and resilience across the Union. Its implementation faced a fast-evolving cybersecurity landscape since the Act’s adoption, marked by a 150% increase in cyberattacks in 2024 and an expanding regulatory landscape, including the network and information systems Directive, the Cyber Resilience Act, and the Cyber Solidarity Act. These parallel developments have expanded ENISA’s responsibilities putting strains on its resources and coordination capacity. Over recent years, ENISA has become an established actor within the EU’s cybersecurity landscape. It has supported Member States in policy development, contributed to building technical and operational capabilities, and promoted exchanges of good practice and awareness-raising initiatives. Its role in facilitating cooperation and providing expertise has been widely acknowledged. At the same time, the broadening of ENISA’s mandate has created challenges in defining priorities, allocating resources and coordinating with other EU and national bodies. Stakeholders have underlined the need for clearer task definition, more systematic planning and stronger coordination mechanisms to avoid overlaps. The European Cybersecurity Certification Framework has advanced more slowly than initially foreseen. According to stakeholders, progress in developing certification schemes has been limited, with several delays and concerns regarding process transparency and predictability. The absence of a regularly updated Union Rolling Work Programme has made long-term planning more difficult for both public authorities and industry.

Автори : DALLI HUBERT, LOTITO Alexandre

Резюме : The proposal for a regulation on the establishment of European business wallets fits into the broader context of modernising the single market, as well as simplifying and digitalising administrative procedures. Currently, economic operators in the EU face incompatible national systems, complex administrative procedures and a lack of reliable, standardised and legally recognised ways for businesses and public administrations to exchange data and documents which have already been verified. Although the updated digital identity framework regulation allowed companies to be identified and share verified information, it was not tailored to business contexts. The proposal on the establishment of business wallets is designed to fill this gap by providing an interoperable digital tool that allows economic operators to securely identify, authenticate and exchange data and documents with full legal effect across EU borders. It aims to facilitate business-to-business, business-to-government and government-to-government interactions. It should simplify complex administrative tasks, lower compliance costs and improve interoperability, enabling businesses and organisations to operate more efficiently across Europe's digital single market.

Автори : Niestadt Maria, EISELE Katharina

Резюме : This study examines how PFAS support European industrial competitiveness and the potential impact of a full or partial restriction. Focusing on six key fluoropolymers and F-gases used in aerospace, defence, green energy, and semiconductor sectors, it finds that substitution is often unfeasible, particularly in aerospace, defence and semiconductors. Substantial economic losses and job impacts are predicted under both above restriction options, with risks to Europe’s global competitiveness. The study recommends permanent or long-term derogations for critical sectors, extending transition periods for green technologies, and excluding F-gases from the restriction. Further research and an innovation fund to develop alternatives are recommended. Overall, a balanced approach that protects the environment while preserving industrial and technological strength is proposed. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the Industry, Research and Energy Committee.

Външен автор : Rosa RICHARDS, Robert WHITE, Richard STENNING

Резюме : Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals and materials which have received particular attention in recent years for chemical and environmental regulation. The European Chemical Agency (ECHA) took early regulatory steps to reduce PFAS use by developing a Restriction on the use of PFAS in firefighting foams (FFF). This Restriction was first proposed on 1 October 2020 and will ban the placing on the market and formulation of FFF containing over 1 mg/L of total PFAS (ECHA, 2023a). This Restriction is currently awaiting the decision of the European Commission before being enacted into law. This study was prepared at the request of the ITRE Committee.

Външен автор : Rosa RICHARDS, Robert WHITE, Richard STENNING

Резюме : Europe’s digital ecosystem remains heavily dependent on non-EU software and cloud providers. This study maps these dependencies, as well the geopolitical and economic risks they raise. It finds that US firms dominate all major software layers, exposing Europe to strategic vulnerabilities. The report also outlines policy options and areas of action to strengthen Europe’s technological autonomy and resilience. This report was prepared for the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the ITRE Committee.

Външен автор : Vaida GINEIKYTE-KANCLERE, Militsa EGGERT,

Резюме : Europe’s digital ecosystem remains heavily dependent on non-EU software and cloud providers. This study maps these dependencies, as well the geopolitical and economic risks they raise. It finds that US firms dominate all major software layers, exposing Europe to strategic vulnerabilities. The report also outlines policy options and areas of action to strengthen Europe’s technological autonomy and resilience. This report was prepared for the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the ITRE Committee.

Външен автор : Vaida GINEIKYTE-KANCLERE & Militsa EGGERT

Резюме : This briefing provides an overview of the link between energy security and the European defence industry. It examines the sector’s energy needs and risks, the operational and strategic opportunities offered by renewable energy and energy efficiency, and the role of strategic reserves and stockpiling in mitigating supply disruptions. Hybrid threats targeting energy infrastructure are also considered. Drawing on data, case studies, and expert insights, the report aims to shed light on progress, ongoing initiatives, and potential measures to enhance Europe’s energy and defence resilience. This report was prepared for the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the ITRE Committee.

Автори : CIUCCI MATTEO

Резюме : On 21 October 2025, the European Commission under Ursula von der Leyen's second mandate adopted its work programme for 2026 (2026 CWP). In line with the Commission President's political guidelines and letter of intent and highlighting the need for full implementation of Mario Draghi's competitiveness report, the 2026 CWP places a strong emphasis on competitiveness, innovation and collective security. In parallel, the Commission commits to advancing simplification, implementation, and this year, also to strengthening enforcement. These three areas will remain key horizontal priorities for the entire Commission mandate. Just like last year's CWP, the 2026 CWP adheres to the seven headline ambitions put forward in the political guidelines. It is accompanied by a report on implementation, simplification and enforcement, the first of its kind. This new annual report is set to replace the annual burden survey. Annex I of the 2026 CWP puts forward 70 major new legislative and non-legislative initiatives, 44 % of which fall under the competitiveness headline ambition. (Up to) 48 of the new initiatives are legislative, including three sector-specific omnibus packages (on energy product legislation, taxation and citizens). Of the forthcoming legislative initiatives, 67 % are likely revisions of existing legislation, while more than half have a strong simplification dimension. Unlike previous CWPs, the 2026 CWP does not indicate whether a legislative initiative will be accompanied by an impact assessment; this lack of transparency runs counter to the spirit of the Interinstitutional Agreement on Better Law-Making. Information on the Commission's 'Have your say' portal shows that, at the time of writing, two thirds of the up to 48 legislative initiatives were expected to be accompanied by an impact assessment (though the final number may be higher). The annual evaluation plan presented in Annex II of the CWP, comprising 20 evaluations, does not appear exhaustive. Finally, the communication on Better Regulation, expected in Q2 2026, may entail a revision of the Better Regulation Guidelines, the first since 2021.

Автори : ANGLMAYER Irmgard, DALLI HUBERT, IOANNIDES Isabelle

Резюме : The EU Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) 2028–2034 allocates significant funding (EUR 522 billion) to its Heading 2: 'Competitiveness, prosperity and security'. It proposes three key instruments which directly impact ITRE core areas of responsibility : - The European Competitiveness Fund (ECF), which serves as the MFF’s main instrument to boost EU competitiveness. It merges 14 programmes into a flexible fund, aiming to enhance coherence and EU added value, but raises concerns over centralised oversight and governance. - Horizon Europe, which supports research and innovation with a 63% budget increase, yet remains below the Draghi report’s recommendation, raising concerns about underfunding, excessive centralisation as well as eligibility of dual-use. - Connecting Europe Facility, which funds Trans-European Networks in transport (including military mobility) and energy. Unresolved challenges — governance, EU versus national priority alignment, and practical implementation new funding mechanisms — will play a central role in determining ITRE’s policy influence in the years ahead.

Автори : MAQUET Marianne Simonne Eva

Резюме : In January 2025, the European Commission announced it would present a European grids package as part of its competitiveness compass for the EU. The intention of building on the 2023 action plan for grids was reiterated in February 2025, in the Clean Industrial Deal and action plan for affordable energy; and most recently as part of the 2026 Commission work programme adopted in October 2025. The Commission is expected to present the grids package on 10 December 2025. Energy prices in the EU remain higher and more volatile than those of its trading partners, reflecting Europe's dependency on imported fossil fuels and the investment uncertainty caused by recent geopolitical shocks. These pressures are intensified by structural inefficiencies in the energy system: insufficient interconnections, ageing grids, long and inconsistent permitting times, and limited support for distribution-level and digital infrastructure – all of which prevent the EU from fully exploiting its renewable generation potential. Despite progress made on cross-border infrastructure projects with the introduction of the Trans-European Networks for Energy (TEN-E) framework, large-scale investments to support grid expansion are still needed. In terms of implementation, investment is hampered by complex and fragmented grid planning, requiring heavy coordination across different strategies and stakeholders, as well lengthy permitting processes. In this regard, stakeholder groups call for simpler, clearer and more coordinated governance to ensure cross-border and cross-sector integration.

Автори : AHAMAD MADATALI HANNAH NAFIZE, LOTITO Alexandre

Резюме : Quantum technologies are developing rapidly. They have extensive uses in secure communications, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, defence and security, and space, and may bring about a change of paradigm in technological capabilities. Their economic and strategic value makes them a high priority for EU strategic autonomy. The new Quantum Europe Strategy intends to establish the EU as a global leader in quantum technologies by 2030. This paper explores the potential paths the EU can take to establish itself as a global leader in this field. To ensure that the strategy holds in a highly unpredictable world, we have conducted a foresight exercise to 'wind-tunnel' (stress-test) statements taken from the quantum strategy against the European Commission Joint Research Centre's four reference foresight scenarios.

Автори : PATAKI Gabor Zsolt

Резюме : The impact assessment (IA) acknowledges a deviation from the scope and the depth of analysis of standard IAs as defined in the Better Regulation Guidelines (BRG) and Toolbox by reference to Tool #9 (special case of preparing a new multiannual financial framework). While the Regulatory Scrutiny Board (RSB) acknowledged the applicability of Tool #9, it concluded that the draft IA report contained significant shortcomings spread across almost all sections. It appears that the recommendations of the RSB were only partially taken into account in the final IA. The IA, which relies on several data sources, provides a comprehensive description of the existing situation. The problem definition appears to rely on evidence from various data sources, including interim and ex-post evaluations of EU programmes. However, relevant elements of the evaluation's conclusions could have been stated more consistently throughout the IA. The description of the problems and their drivers could have been more structured and clearer. The IA presents three options in addition to the baseline scenario. The options are only partially linked to the problems, the problem drivers and the objectives, against the requirement by the BRG. It is questionable whether they all present fully realistic alternatives to the baseline. The IA presents the core elements of each option only briefly and does not clearly describe how they will contribute to reaching the objectives of the initiatives. When comparing and scoring the options against the BRG criteria of effectiveness, efficiency and coherence, the scoring method could have been further clarified. Proportionality is not addressed in the IA. The IA assesses the economic, social and environmental impacts of the options. The analysis encompasses both qualitative and quantitative components. However, the IA openly mentions the limitations constraining the completeness and consistency of the evidence base. The proposals appear to be coherent with the preferred policy option identified in the IA.

Автори : FRIZBERG DIETER

Резюме : The Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act), adopted in June 2024, is the world’s first comprehensive regulatory framework for AI. It sits at the centre of the EU’s broader digital rulebook, alongside the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the Data Act, the Digital Services Act (DSA), the Digital Markets Act (DMA), the Cyber Resilience Act (CRA), and the NIS2 Directive. Together, these laws aim to promote safety, trust, and competitiveness in Europe’s digital economy. However, questions arise about how they interact and whether their combined effect strengthens or burdens the EU’s AI ecosystem. The full study examines how the AI Act interrelates with other EU digital instruments and how their cumulative obligations affect innovation, coherence, and competitiveness in Europe’s AI market.This AAG was prepared at the request of the ITRE Committee.

Външен автор : Hans GRAUX, Krzysztof GARSTKA, Nayana MURALI, Jonathan CAVE, Maarten BOTTERMAN

Резюме : This study explores how the AI Act relates to various other crucial pieces of EU digital legislation, such as the GDPR, the Data Act and the Cyber Resilience Act. It assesses overlaps and gaps between these acts, and shows that, while each of them is individually well targeted, their interplay creates significant regulatory complexity. Finally, it also provides reflections and suggestions for possible evolutions of the AI Act, and of EU digital legislation as a whole, keeping in mind the objective of ensuring that Europe can establish a competitive AI industry. This study was prepared at the request of the ITRE Committee.

Външен автор : Hans GRAUX, Krzysztof GARSTKA, Nayana MURALI, Jonathan CAVE, Maarten BOTTERMAN

Резюме : Although microelectronics have a significant role in modern life, their low visibility and complex value chain have contributed to concealing a decline in EU industry in the field. It is broadly assumed that microelectronics are designed in California and manufactured in Taiwan. What if the EU could take a particularly strategic position in this technology?

Автори : GARCIA HIGUERA ANDRES

Автори : SANDERSKI ANDRZEJ, SERPIERI Margherita

Резюме : Fusion, regarded by many as the ultimate form of clean energy, may finally be within reach. This analysis looks at the context of the latest advances, in particular the explosion of private-sector interest. Overall, this has led to an acceleration of many planned timelines, although a lot of uncertainty remains, given the magnitude of the remaining technical challenges. In addition, questions also persist around skills, the regulatory environment, financing and economic viability. With a new EU strategy expected in late 2025, this analysis concludes with an overview of current policy, and discusses some of the challenges the EU faces in setting a pathway towards the commercialisation of fusion energy.

Автори : VALE Antonio, GUEDES FERREIRA VASCO NUNO

Резюме : The Delegated Act on low-carbon hydrogen establishes a harmonised, transparent framework, defining fuels in a technology-open way. It is essential for a functioning hydrogen market but does not create demand or financial incentives. Achieving emissions reduction targets will hinge on robust methane emissions measurement and reporting. Costs will remain above unabated hydrogen, shaped mainly by natural gas and electricity prices. This in-depth analysis was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the ITRE Committee.

Външен автор : Magnolia TOVAR, Peter RUSCHHAUPT, James LAZENBY, Friedrich SCHUBERT, Antoine KOEN, Marlène SIMÉON, Peter SCHNIERING, Chris MALINS

Автори : SANDERSKI ANDRZEJ, SERPIERI Margherita

Резюме : China’s data security and privacy laws – the CSL, DSL, and PIPL – create compliance challenges for European companies, especially SMEs. Strategic ambiguity in legislation allows discretion in enforcement, varying across regions and sectors. Cross-border data transfer rules add complexity, with Hong Kong and Macao implementing their own laws. While US firms face stringent CSL enforcement, cases against European firms under PIPL appear to be less politicised. Influenced by GDPR and Asian cybersecurity models, China’s evolving regime requires European policymakers and businesses to monitor legal changes, enhance communication, and adapt to shifting compliance landscapes. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Външен автор : Ceren ERGENC, J. Scott MARCUS, Lorenzo PUPILLO, Carolina POLITO, Malorie SCHAUS

Резюме : China’s data security and privacy laws – the CSL, DSL, and PIPL – create compliance challenges for European companies, especially SMEs. Strategic ambiguity in legislation allows discretion in enforcement, varying across regions and sectors. Cross-border data transfer rules add complexity, with Hong Kong and Macao implementing their own laws. While US firms face stringent CSL enforcement, cases against European firms under PIPL appear to be less politicised. Influenced by GDPR and Asian cybersecurity models, China’s evolving regime requires European policymakers and businesses to monitor legal changes, enhance communication, and adapt to shifting compliance landscapes. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Външен автор : Ceren ERGENC, J. Scott MARCUS, Lorenzo PUPILLO, Carolina POLITO, Malorie SCHAUS

Резюме : The European Parliament is vested with powers of democratic oversight and political scrutiny vis-à-vis the European Commission. These powers of Parliament enhance the democratic legitimacy of the EU as a whole, and help increase the transparency and accountability of the Commission as the EU's executive body. This study examines Parliament's oversight and scrutiny powers over the Commission. It focuses mainly, but not exclusively, on the powers that are enshrined in specific provisions of the EU Treaties. This includes Parliament's role in the Commission's investiture, in motions of censure, parliamentary questions, committees of inquiry and special committees, and in the Commission's obligations to report, consult and inform. It also looks into Parliament's scrutiny over budgetary issues, of delegated acts, in the context of the EU legislative procedure and agenda-setting, of legal proceedings before the Court of Justice of the European Union, and of the EU's external relations. The study builds on a previous EPRS study on parliamentary scrutiny of the Commission, originally requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Constitutional Affairs (AFCO) in 2018. The data presented in this edition focus on the ninth term parliamentary term (2019 to 2024).

Автори : TENHUNEN Susanna, EISELE Katharina, AHAMAD MADATALI HANNAH NAFIZE, JANSEN Talander Hugo

Резюме : This study analyses the development, costs, future potential, and role of Direct Air Capture (DAC) and subsequent storage (DACCS) technologies in Europe’s decarbonisation strategy. While current costs are high and uncertain, DAC and DACCS are expected to become more economically viable through technological improvements and scaling. Given the environmental trade-offs of various CO₂ removal methods under development, including DACCS, a diverse portfolio will be needed. Our study shows that DAC and DACCS can play a key enabling role in achieving the EU’s net-zero targets — provided that clear policies, financial incentives, streamlined regulation, and sustained investment in R&D are in place, alongside access to affordable renewable energy, proximity to CO₂ storage sites, skilled labour, and shared infrastructure. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Външен автор : Christos TROMPOUKIS, Kati KOPONEN, Jere ELFVING, Cyril BAJAMUNDI, Alexander DELIUKOV, Andromachi KILA, Jan BORMANS

Резюме : This study analyses the development, costs, future potential, and role of Direct Air Capture (DAC) and subsequent storage (DACCS) technologies in Europe’s decarbonisation strategy. While current costs are high and uncertain, DAC and DACCS are expected to become more economically viable through technological improvements and scaling. Given the environmental trade-offs of various CO₂ removal methods under development, including DACCS, a diverse portfolio will be needed. Our study shows that DAC and DACCS can play a key enabling role in achieving the EU’s net-zero targets — provided that clear policies, financial incentives, streamlined regulation, and sustained investment in R&D are in place, alongside access to affordable renewable energy, proximity to CO₂ storage sites, skilled labour, and shared infrastructure. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Външен автор : Christos TROMPOUKIS, Kati KOPONEN, Jere ELFVING, Cyril BAJAMUNDI, Alexander DELIUKOV, Andromachi KILA, Jan BORMANS

Резюме : Commitments made by Jessika Roswall, Commissioner-designate for Environment, Water Resilience and a Competitive Circular Economy, 2024-2029

Автори : MARTINELLO BARBARA, MAJERCZYK MAGDALENA, NANNUCCI LAPO, POLLUVEER KRISTI

Резюме : The original full study explores the current and future flexibility needs in the electricity system as well as existing and potential solutions to efficiently integrate renewable energy and facilitate electrification of end-uses. Key findings highlight the importance of flexible electricity generation, demand response and energy storage solutions for daily, weekly, and seasonal flexibility provision. However, challenges persist due to inadequate market rules and regulatory frameworks, and economic issues. The study recommends additional policy measures to enhance system flexibility, complementing ongoing policy initiatives at the EU and national level. The study was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health for the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Външен автор : João GORENSTEIN DEDECCA, Mohammad ANSARIN, Csinszka BENE, Timo VAN DELZEN, Luc VAN NUFFEL, Henjo JAGTENBERG, Trinomics

Резюме : This study explores the current and future flexibility needs in the electricity system as well as existing and potential solutions to efficiently integrate renewable energy and facilitate electrification of end-uses. Key findings highlight the importance of flexible electricity generation, demand response and energy storage solutions for daily, weekly, and seasonal flexibility provision. However, challenges persist due to inadequate market rules and regulatory frameworks, and economic issues. The study recommends additional policy measures to enhance system flexibility, complementing ongoing policy initiatives at the EU and national level. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health for the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Външен автор : João GORENSTEIN DEDECCA, Mohammad ANSARIN, Csinszka BENE, Timo VAN DELZEN, Luc VAN NUFFEL, Henjo JAGTENBERG, Trinomics

Резюме : This study examines the evolution and the current status of the implementation of synergies between Horizon Europe and the Cohesion Policy funds for research and innovation activities. It provides insights into the main barriers and drivers for the uptake of these synergies, along with possible pathways forward to achieve greater innovation outcomes. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Външен автор : Lucas Javier SEGAL, Merel GRIEPINK,Antonio BOSCHETTI, Manuela MARCHIONI, Xavier VILAJOSANA GUILLÉN, Mireia RIERA DURAN & Francisco LUPIÁÑEZ-VILLANUEVA

Резюме : This study examines the evolution and the current status of the implementation of synergies between Horizon Europe and the Cohesion Policy funds for research and innovation activities. It provides insights into the main barriers and drivers for the uptake of these synergies, along with possible pathways forward to achieve greater innovation outcomes. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Външен автор : Lucas Javier SEGAL, Merel GRIEPINK,Antonio BOSCHETTI, Manuela MARCHIONI, Xavier VILAJOSANA GUILLÉN, Mireia RIERA DURAN & Francisco LUPIÁÑEZ-VILLANUEVA,

Резюме : Commitments made at the confirmation hearings of the Commissioners-designate 2024-2029

Резюме : Commitments made by Wopke Hoekstra, Commissioner-designate for Climate, Net Zero and Clean Growth, 2024-2029

Автори : MAKAY Monika, CIUCCI MATTEO, DEBYSER Ariane, ANGERER Jost, POLLUVEER KRISTI, THOMAS ALIZÉE HELEN, GULIČ NOSAN ENIJA