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Carregado porFco Javier Montaño Fdez
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Introduction to geography

Geography is the study of Earth's lands, features, inhabitants and phenomena. It is divided into two branches: physical geography, which studies the natural environment, and human geography, which studies human populations and activities. To locate places on maps, lines of latitude and longitude form a grid system. The Earth is represented through globes, which accurately depict its spherical shape, and maps, which project the globe onto flat surfaces and necessarily distort some areas, shapes or distances. Maps come in many types depending on what features or information they display. New technologies like satellites provide detailed data for modern mapmaking.

Educação◦
INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY STUDYING TERRITORIES 1
WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?  Geography arose from man's need to find out about the environment. Was born out of necessity as a discipline that describes territories and became a science that explains the processes behind their creation.  Nonetheless, modern geography “is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Geographers explore both the physical properties of Earth’s surface and the human societies spread across it. They also examine how human culture interacts with the natural environment, and the way that locations and places can have an impact on people. Geography seeks to understand where things are found, why they are there, and how they develop and change over time” (National Geographic).  "the bridge between the human and the physical science“  http://www.rgs.org/geographytoday/what+is+geography.htm 2
Geography is divided into two main branches: human geography and physical geography Physical geography. Studies the natural environment: relief, climate, waters, vegetation, soil and fauna. Human geography. Studies the population and its characteristics: human actions that have left their mark on the territory. 3
Cardinal points4
How do we locate places on maps?  We use a system of imaginary lines (parallels and meridians) that form a grid that enable us to locate any point on Earth by using geographic coordinates. 5
Parallels  Imaginary lines that encircle the Earth perpendicular to its axis. The main parallel (parallel 0º) is the Equator, and it’s used to calculate the latitude. Latitude: distance measured in degrees from any point to the Equator. It varies from 0º to 90º either North or South from the Equator. 6
Meridians  Imaginary lines that go from pole to pole. The main meridian (meridian 0º) is the Greenwich meridian, and it’s used to calculate the longitude. Longitude: distance measured in degrees from any point to the Greenwich meridian. It varies from 0º to 180º either East or West from the Greenwich meridian. 7
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Geographic Coordinates10
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH  The earth is spherical.  However it is not a perfect sphere.  It is slightly flattened at the poles. 12
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH  In the past, map making was a very slow process, involving observation and complex calculations and drawings.  Modern maps are made using aerial photos and images from satellites orbiting the Earth.  These images are put together to produce an exact picture of the Earth’s surface. 13
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH  A globe is a three-dimensional scale model of Earth (terrestrial globe or geographical globe).  + Represent the earth accurately, because they have a similar shape  - They do not contain detailed information 14
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH Map projections  Project a round globe onto a flat surface  Options?  Stretch out some areas  Cut out some areas  Shrink some areas 15
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH Map projections  Three properties to consider Area (equal-area or equivalent) Shape (conformal) Distance (equidistant) Choosetwo out of three  How large an area?  Purpose of the map 16
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH Map projections: Cylindrical projections  + Shapes are preserved  - But not area!  Mercator projection 17
Gall- Peters  Also preserves area  Distorts shape differently 18
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH Map projections: Conic projections  Best for hemispheres or small regions  + Area and shape only slightly distorted  - Not equidistant 19
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH Map projections: Planar projections  + Equidistant; good for navigation  - Only good for one hemisphere  - Distorts area, + not shape 20
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH Map projections: Other projections  Based on more complicated math  Interrupted, oval, combination 21 Goode Robinson
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH MAPS  Maps are flat representations of the earth. They provide detailed information. 22
What types of maps are there?  Physical maps 23
What types of maps are there?  Topographic maps 24 CONTOURS
What types of maps are there?  Thematic maps 25
What types of maps are there?  Political maps 26
What types of maps are there?  City plans 27
Main features of a map 28
How do we represent scale on a map?  A scale is a proportional relationship existing between what is represented on the map and reality  Small, medium and large scale maps.  Graphic or bar scale 29
How do we represent scale on a map? Numeric or written scale 1/100 -> 1 cm on the map is 100 cm on the ground, so it is 1 metre. 1/2000 -> 1 cm on the map is 2000 cm on the ground (20 metres) 30
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32 http://sig.magrama.es/siga/
GIS Demographic analysis Planning and engineering Environment studies Geo marketing Civil operations Resources development Location of places 33
34 http://sig.magrama.es/siga/
 Francisco Javier Montaño Fernández Geography and History teacher