// longobject.h

typedef struct _longobject PyLongObject; /* Revealed in longintrepr.h */

// longintrepr.h
/* Long integer representation.
   The absolute value of a number is equal to
   一个数的绝对值等价于下面的表达式
        SUM(for i=0 through abs(ob_size)-1) ob_digit[i] * 2**(SHIFT*i)

   Negative numbers are represented with ob_size < 0;
   负数表示为 ob_size < 0

   zero is represented by ob_size == 0.
   整数0 用 ob_size == 0表示

   In a normalized number, ob_digit[abs(ob_size)-1] (the most significant
   digit) is never zero.  Also, in all cases, for all valid i,

    在一个规范的数字ob_digit[abs(ob_size)-1]（）永不为0。而且，所有有效的 i 都满足以下要求
        0 <= ob_digit[i] <= MASK.

   The allocation function takes care of allocating extra memory
   so that ob_digit[0] ... ob_digit[abs(ob_size)-1] are actually available.

    内存分配函数要小心额外的内存，

   CAUTION:  Generic code manipulating subtypes of PyVarObject has to
   aware that ints abuse ob_size's sign bit.

   警告: 通用代码操作 PyVarObject 的子类型必须注意 ob_size的符号滥用问题。
*/

struct _longobject {
    PyObject_VAR_HEAD
    digit ob_digit[1];
};

// Objects/longobject.c

PyTypeObject PyLong_Type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "int",                                      /* tp_name */
    offsetof(PyLongObject, ob_digit),           /* tp_basicsize */
    sizeof(digit),                              /* tp_itemsize */
    long_dealloc,                               /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                                          /* tp_print */
    0,                                          /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                          /* tp_reserved */
    long_to_decimal_string,                     /* tp_repr */
    &long_as_number,                            /* tp_as_number */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_mapping */
    (hashfunc)long_hash,                        /* tp_hash */
    0,                                          /* tp_call */
    long_to_decimal_string,                     /* tp_str */
    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,                    /* tp_getattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                          /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE |
        Py_TPFLAGS_LONG_SUBCLASS,               /* tp_flags */
    long_doc,                                   /* tp_doc */
    0,                                          /* tp_traverse */
    0,                                          /* tp_clear */
    long_richcompare,                           /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                                          /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                          /* tp_iter */
    0,                                          /* tp_iternext */
    long_methods,                               /* tp_methods */
    0,                                          /* tp_members */
    long_getset,                                /* tp_getset */
    0,                                          /* tp_base */
    0,                                          /* tp_dict */
    0,                                          /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                                          /* tp_descr_set */
    0,                                          /* tp_dictoffset */
    0,                                          /* tp_init */
    0,                                          /* tp_alloc */
    long_new,                                   /* tp_new */
    PyObject_Del,                               /* tp_free */
};

// Objects/longobject.c

#ifndef NSMALLPOSINTS
#define NSMALLPOSINTS           257
#endif
#ifndef NSMALLNEGINTS
#define NSMALLNEGINTS           5
#endif

#if NSMALLNEGINTS + NSMALLPOSINTS > 0
/* Small integers are preallocated in this array so that they
   can be shared.
   The integers that are preallocated are those in the range
   -NSMALLNEGINTS (inclusive) to NSMALLPOSINTS (not inclusive). */
static PyLongObject small_ints[NSMALLNEGINTS + NSMALLPOSINTS];
#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
Py_ssize_t quick_int_allocs, quick_neg_int_allocs;
#endif

static PyObject *
get_small_int(sdigit ival)
{
    PyObject *v;
    assert(-NSMALLNEGINTS <= ival && ival < NSMALLPOSINTS);
    v = (PyObject *)&small_ints[ival + NSMALLNEGINTS];
    Py_INCREF(v);
#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
    if (ival >= 0)
        quick_int_allocs++;
    else
        quick_neg_int_allocs++;
#endif
    return v;
}
#define CHECK_SMALL_INT(ival) \
    do if (-NSMALLNEGINTS <= ival && ival < NSMALLPOSINTS) { \
        return get_small_int((sdigit)ival); \
    } while(0)

// Object/longobject.c

PyObject *
PyLong_FromLong(long ival)
{
    PyLongObject *v;
    unsigned long abs_ival;
    unsigned long t;  /* unsigned so >> doesn't propagate sign bit */
    int ndigits = 0;
    int sign;

    CHECK_SMALL_INT(ival);

    ...
}

// Objects/longobject.c

int
_PyLong_Init(void)
{
#if NSMALLNEGINTS + NSMALLPOSINTS > 0
    int ival, size;
    PyLongObject *v = small_ints;

    for (ival = -NSMALLNEGINTS; ival <  NSMALLPOSINTS; ival++, v++) {
        size = (ival < 0) ? -1 : ((ival == 0) ? 0 : 1);
        if (Py_TYPE(v) == &PyLong_Type) {
            /* The element is already initialized, most likely
             * the Python interpreter was initialized before.
             */
            Py_ssize_t refcnt;
            PyObject* op = (PyObject*)v;

            refcnt = Py_REFCNT(op) < 0 ? 0 : Py_REFCNT(op);
            _Py_NewReference(op);
            /* _Py_NewReference sets the ref count to 1 but
             * the ref count might be larger. Set the refcnt
             * to the original refcnt + 1 */
            Py_REFCNT(op) = refcnt + 1;
            assert(Py_SIZE(op) == size);
            assert(v->ob_digit[0] == (digit)abs(ival));
        }
        else {
            (void)PyObject_INIT(v, &PyLong_Type);
        }
        Py_SIZE(v) = size;
        v->ob_digit[0] = (digit)abs(ival);
    }
#endif
    _PyLong_Zero = PyLong_FromLong(0);
    if (_PyLong_Zero == NULL)
        return 0;
    _PyLong_One = PyLong_FromLong(1);
    if (_PyLong_One == NULL)
        return 0;

    /* initialize int_info */
    if (Int_InfoType.tp_name == NULL) {
        if (PyStructSequence_InitType2(&Int_InfoType, &int_info_desc) < 0)
            return 0;
    }

    return 1;
}

// Objects/longobject.c
static int
long_to_decimal_string_internal(PyObject *aa,
                                PyObject **p_output,
                                _PyUnicodeWriter *writer,
                                _PyBytesWriter *bytes_writer,
                                char **bytes_str)
{
    PyLongObject *scratch, *a;
    PyObject *str = NULL;
    Py_ssize_t size, strlen, size_a, i, j;
    digit *pout, *pin, rem, tenpow;
    int negative;
    int d;
    enum PyUnicode_Kind kind;

    a = (PyLongObject *)aa;

    // 添加打印代码
    printf("ob_size     = %d\n", Py_SIZE(a));
    for (int index = 0; index < Py_SIZE(a); ++index) {
        printf("ob_digit[%d] = %d\n", index, a->ob_digit[index]);
    }

    ...
}