This chapter provides a thematic and chronological overview of national reforms and policy developments since 2023. The introduction to the chapter outlines the overall education strategy and the key objectives across the entire education system in Georgia. It also observes how the education reform process is organized and who the main actors are in the decision-making process. The chapter regarding the ongoing reforms and policy developments combines reforms in the following broad thematic areas that largely correspond to all education levels:

• Early Childhood Education and Care

• School Education

• Vocational Education and Training (VET) and Adult Learning

• Higher Education

• Transversal skills and Employability

Inside each thematic area, reforms are organized chronologically. The most recent reforms are described first.

• 1. Unified National Strategy of Education and Science and Key Objectives

The Unified National Strategy of Education and Science of Georgia aims at creating an inclusive, high-quality, and innovative education system that meets the demands of the 21^st-century knowledge economy. The strategy prioritizes accessibility, equity, and quality across all levels of education, ensuring that all learners, regardless of socio-economic background, receive a comprehensive education. Key objectives include:

• Expanding access to early childhood education and improving its quality.

• Strengthening school education with modernized curricula, teacher professional development and enhanced learning environment.

• Advancing vocational education and training (VET) aligned with labor market needs.

• Enhancing higher education institutions to support research, innovation, and internationalization.

• Promoting lifelong learning and employability through upskilling and digital literacy programs.

The Government of Georgia has developed several key policy documents to guide all the abovementioned efforts, including the Unified National Strategy of Education and Science of Georgia 2022-2030, which sets long-term goals and action plans. The strategy aligns with international standards and best practices, ensuring sustainable and impactful educational reforms.[2]

• 2. Overview of the Education Reform Process and Drivers

The education reform process in Georgia is guided by a structured decision-making framework involving multiple stakeholders. The Ministry of Education, Science and Youth of Georgia (MoESY) serves as the principal governing body, responsible for formulating and implementing national education policies.

Key actors in the education reform process include:

• Ministry of Education, Science and Youth of Georgia (MoESY) - The leading institution for policy development and implementation.

• Parliament of Georgia - Approves legislative changes and allocates budgetary resources.

• National Centre for Educational Quality Enhancement (NCEQE) - Ensures accreditation and quality assurance across education levels.

• Local Governments - Play a supporting role across all levels of education, mainly by maintaining infrastructure, ensuring student transportation and safety, and facilitating community-based initiatives.

• International Organizations (EU, World Bank, UN Agencies, etc.) - Provide technical and financial support for educational projects.

• Private Sector and Civil Society - Engage in consultations and partnerships to align education with labor market demands.

The reform process follows a multi-stage approach, including policy formulation, pilot implementation, stakeholder engagement, and nationwide rollouts. Evidence-based decision-making and international cooperation remain central to ensure that reforms achieve their intended impact and sustainability.

Through this structured approach, Georgia continues to modernize its education system, enhancing learning outcomes and fostering human capital development to support national economic growth and social well-being.