Javascript by geetanjali

JAVASCRIPT

By Mrs. Geetanjali A. Bhosale. Assistant Professor, SIBER

Introduction
JavaScript is the most popular scripting
language on the internet, and works in all major
browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Firefox,
Chrome, Opera, and Safari.

What You Should Already Know?
Before you continue you should have a basic
understanding of the following:
HTML and CSS


What is JavaScript?
• scripting language
• add interactivity to HTML pages
•A scripting language is a lightweight programming language
•JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages
•JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute
without preliminary compilation)

•Everyone can use JavaScript without purchasing a license


Java and JavaScript
•Java and JavaScript are not same.

•Java and JavaScript are two completely different languages in
both concept and design.

•Java (developed by Sun Microsystems) is a powerful and much
more complex programming language - in the same category as C

and C++.

What Can JavaScript do?
•JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML authors
are normally not programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a

very simple syntax. Almost anyone can put small "snippets" of code into their

HTML pages

•JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when
something happens, like when a page has finished loading or when a user

clicks on an HTML element

•JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can read
and change the content of an HTML element


What Can JavaScript do?
•JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to
validate form data before it is submitted to a server. This saves the server from

extra processing

•JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A JavaScript can
be used to detect the visitor's browser, and - depending on the browser - load

another page specifically designed for that browser

•JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to
store and retrieve information on the visitor's computer


Brief History of JavaScript
•JavaScript is an implementation of the ECMAScript language standard.
ECMA-262 is the official JavaScript standard.

•JavaScript was invented by Brendan Eich at Netscape (with Navigator 2.0),
and has appeared in all browsers since 1996.

•The official standardization was adopted by the ECMA organization (an
industry standardization association) in 1997.

•The ECMA standard (called ECMAScript-262) was approved as an
international ISO (ISO/IEC 16262) standard in 1998.

•The development is still in progress.

JavaScript: Display Date
<html>
<head>
<title>Javascript</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Web Page</h1>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("<p>" + Date() + "</p>");
</script>
</body>
</html>


JavaScript: comments
• JavaScript comments can be used to make the code more readable.

• Comments can be added to explain the JavaScript

• There are Two types of comments in JavaScript:
1) Single line comments
2) Multi-Line comments
1) Single line comments start with //.
e.g. <script type="text/javascript">
// Write a heading
document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
// Write two paragraphs:
document.write("<p>This is a paragraph.</p>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");
</script>


2) Multi-Line Comments
Multi line comments start with /* and end with */.
e.g.
/*
The code below will write
one heading and two paragraphs
*/
</script>


• Use of JavaScript comments
1) To Prevent Execution
2) At the End of a Line
1) To Prevent Execution: The comment is used to prevent the execution of
i) single code line:
//document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");

</script>

ii) code block:
/*document.write("<h1>This is a heading</h1>");
document.write("<p>This is another paragraph.</p>");*/
</script>


2) At the End of a Line :

document.write("Hello"); // Write "Hello"
document.write("World!"); // Write "World!"
</script>


• Browsers that do not support JavaScript, will display JavaScript as page content.

• To prevent them from doing this, and as a part of the JavaScript standard, the HTML
comment tag should be used to "hide" the JavaScript.

• Just add an HTML comment tag 
(end of comment) after the last JavaScript statement, like this:
<html>
<body>

</script>
</body>
/html>
The two forward slashes at the end of comment line (//) is the JavaScript comment symbol. This
prevents JavaScript from executing the --> tag.

Placing JavaScript
1)Scripts in <head> and <body>:
You can place an unlimited number of scripts in your document, and you
can have scripts in both the body and the head section at the same time.
It is a common practice to put all functions in the head section, or at the
bottom of the page. This way they are all in one place and do not interfere
with page content.

e.g. JavaScript in <body>
<html>
<body>
<p id="demo"></p>

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML=Date();
</script>
</body>
</html>

Placing JavaScript
e.g. JavaScript in <head>
<html>
<head>
function displayDate()
{

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML=Date();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p id="demo"></p>
<button type="button" onclick="displayDate()">Display
Date</button>
</body>
</html>

Placing JavaScript
2) Using an External JavaScript :

JavaScript can also be placed in external files.

External JavaScript files often contain code to be used on several different web pages.

External JavaScript files have the file extension .js.

Note: External script cannot contain the <script></script> tags

To use an external script, point to the .js file in the "src" attribute of the

<script> tag:
e.g. <html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src=“abc.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>


Writing JavaScript
• JavaScript is Case Sensitive

• JavaScript Statements : JavaScript is a sequence of statements to be

executed by the browser. A JavaScript statement is a command to a browser

e.g. document.write("Hello World");

• JavaScript Code:
</script>


Writing JavaScript
• JavaScript Blocks:

e.g.


{




}

</script>


JavaScript Variables
• Variables are "containers" for storing information.

• JavaScript variables are used to hold
i) values e.g. x=5
ii) expressions e.g. z=x+y. .

• A variable can have a short name, like x, or a more descriptive
name, like myname.
Rules for JavaScript variable names:
• Variable names are case sensitive (y and Y are two different
variables)

• Variable names must begin with a letter or the underscore
character


Declaring JavaScript Variables
• Creating variables in JavaScript is most often referred to as "declaring"
variables.
• You declare JavaScript variables with the var keyword:
var x;
var carname;
• After the declaration the variables are empty
• assigning values
var x=5;
var carname="Volvo";
• When you assign a text value to a variable, use quotes around the value.
• If you redeclare a JavaScript variable, it will not lose its value.


• A variable's value can change during the execution of a script. You can
refer to a variable by its name to display or change its value.
e.g.
<html>
<head>
<title>Variables in JavaScript</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Variables in JavaScript</h1>
var firstname;
firstname="xyz";
document.write(firstname);
document.write("<br>");
firstname="abc";
document.write("<br>");
var firstname;
</script>
</body></html> By Mrs. Geetanjali A. Bhosale. Assistant Professor, SIBER

Scope Of JavaScript Variables
Local JavaScript Variables
• A variable declared within a JavaScript function becomes LOCAL and can
only be accessed within that function. (the variable has local scope).

• You can have local variables with the same name in different functions,
because local variables are only recognized by the function in which they
are declared.

• Local variables are destroyed when you exit the function.
Global JavaScript Variables
• Variables declared outside a function become GLOBAL, and all scripts
and functions on the web page can access it.

• Global variables are destroyed when you close the page.

• If you declare a variable, without using "var", the variable always
becomes GLOBAL.


Assigning Values to Undeclared JavaScript Variables:
If you assign values to variables that have not yet been declared, the
variables will automatically be declared as global variables.
These statements:
x=5;
carname="Volvo";
will declare the variables x and carname as global variables (if they don't
already exist).
JavaScript Arithmetic:
As with algebra, you can do arithmetic operations with JavaScript variables:
y=x-5;
z=y+5;


Assignments

Assignment No. 2:

1. Explain different Text Formatting Tags in HTML with example.

2. Describe local and remote links in HTML with example.

3. What are the different types of lists in HTML. Explain with examples.

4. Explain methods for adding graphics in HTML

5. Explain Table creation in HTML with appropriate examples.


Assignments

Assignment No. 3:

1. Describe Image Maps in HTML with example.

2. What are the different ways for defining Style Sheet properties in
Cascading Style Sheet. Explain with appropriate examples.

3. What are the different types of SELECTORS that can be used in
Cascading Style Sheet. Explain with appropriate examples.

4. Explain different elements in HTML forms that can be added to build
interactivity.

5. Describe various HTML editors.


Data Types In JavaScript
There are six data types in JavaScript :
• Numbers
• Strings
• Booleans
• Null
• Undefined
• Objects


Numbers: Numbers in JavaScript consist of integers, floats, hexadecimals,
octal i.e. all numbers are valid in JavaScript.
e.g. 4,51.50,-14,0xd
<html>
<head>
<title>Hexadecimal Numbers</title>
</head>
<body>
<script type"text/css">
var h=0xe;
var i=0x2;
var j=h*i;
alert(j);
</script>
</body>
</html>


Strings:
Strings consist of one or more characters surrounded by quotes.
e.g. “Hello World”,
“B”,
“This is ‘another string’”

If you need to use the same style of quotes both to enclose the string and within
string, then the quotes must be escaped. A single backslash character escapes
the quote
e.g.

• ‘i’m using single quote both outside and within this example. They’re neat.’

• “This is a ”great” example of using ”double quotes” within a string.”


The table below lists other special characters that can
be added to a text string with the backslash sign:

Code Outputs
' single quote
" double quote
backslash
n new line
r carriage return
t tab
b backspace
f form feed


Booleans:
Booleans have only two values, true and false.
Booleans are bit of a hidden data type in JavaScript i.e. you
don’t work with Booleans in the same way that you work
with strings and numbers. You simply use an expression
that evaluates to a Boolean value.
e.g.
If (mynumber>18) {
//do something
}

Null :
Null is special data type in JavaScript. Null is simply
nothing. It represents and evaluates to false.
Undefined:
Undefined is a state, sometimes used like a value, to
represent a variable that hasn’t yet contained a value.
Objects:
JavaScript objects are a collection of properties, each of
which contains a primitive value. You can define your own
objects using JavaScript, and there are several build-in
objects as well. By Mrs. Geetanjali A. Bhosale. Assistant Professor, SIBER

JavaScript Operators
The ECMA-262 standard defines assorted operators of
various forms. These include:
1. Additive operators
2. Multiplicative operators
3. Bitwise operators
4. Equality operators
5. Relational operators
6. Unary operators
7. Assignment operators


1. Additive operators:

Operator Description Example Result
+ Addition x=y+2 x=7 y=5
- Subtraction x=y-2 x=3 y=5

The Addition operator operates in different ways depending on the
type of value being added. When a string is used, the addition
operator concatenates the left and right arguments.
e.g. var str1=“hello”;
var str2=“ world”;
var result=str1+str2; // result will be the string “hello world”


2. Multiplicative operators :

Operator Description Example Result
* Multiplication x=y*2 x=10 y=5
/ Division x=y/2 x=2.5 y=5
% Modulus (division x=y%2 x=1 y=5
remainder)


3. Bitwise operators :
Operator Description
& AND
| OR
^ XOR
~ NOT
<< Shift Left
>> Shift Right


4. Equality operators :
== Tests whether two expressions are equal
!= Tests whether two expressions are not equal
=== Tests whether two expressions are equal
using stricter methods
!== Tests whether two expressions are not equal
using stricter methods

The stricter of two(===) requires not only that the values
of a given expression are equal, but the types as well.


5. Relational operators :
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
in Tests whether a value is found in an
expression
instanceof Tests whether an expression is an instance of
an object


6. Unary operators :
delete Removes a property
void Returns Undefined
typeof Returns a string representing the data type
++ Increments a number
-- decrements a number
+ Converts the operand to a number
- Negates the operand
~ Bitwise NOT
! Logical NOT


7. Assignment operators :
Operator Example Same As Result
= x=y x=5
+= x+=y x=x+y x=15
-= x-=y x=x-y x=5
*= x*=y x=x*y x=50
/= x/=y x=x/y x=2
%= x%=y x=x%y x=0


JavaScript Conditional Statements
Conditional statements are used to perform different
actions based on different conditions.
In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:

• if statement - use this statement to execute some code only if
a specified condition is true

• if...else statement - use this statement to execute some code if
the condition is true and another code if the condition is false

• if...else if....else statement - use this statement to select one
of many blocks of code to be executed

• switch statement - use this statement to select one of many
blocks of code to be executed

if Statement
Use the if statement to execute some code only if a specified condition is true.
Syntax : if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
e.g. <html>
<head>
<title>If statement</title>
</head>
<body>
var d = new Date();
var time = d.getHours();
if (time < 10)
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>");
}
</script>
<p>This example demonstrates the If statement.</p>
<p>If the time on your browser is less than 10, you will get a "Good
morning" greeting.</p>
</body></html>


If...else Statement :
Use the if....else statement to execute some code if a condition is
true and another code if the condition is not true.

Syntax :
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is not true
}


<html>
<head>
<title>If else statement</title>
</head>
<body>
var d = new Date();
if (time < 10)
{
}
else
{
document.write("<b>Good day</b>");
}
</script>
<p>This example demonstrates the If...Else statement. </p>
<p>
If the time on your browser is less than 10,
you will get a "Good morning" greeting.
Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting.
</p>
</body>
</html>


If...else if...else Statement :
Use the if....else if...else statement to select one of several blocks of
code to be executed.

Syntax : if (condition1)
{
code to be executed if condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2)
{
code to be executed if condition2 is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if neither condition1 nor condition2 is true
} By Mrs. Geetanjali A. Bhosale. Assistant Professor, SIBER

<html>
<head>
<title>If else if statement</title>
</head>
<body>
var d = new Date();
if (time<10)
{
}
else if (time>=10 && time<16)
{
document.write("<b>Good day</b>");
}
else
{
document.write("<b>Hello World!</b>");
}
</script>
<p>This example demonstrates the if..else if...else statement.</p>
</body>
</html> By Mrs. Geetanjali A. Bhosale. Assistant Professor, SIBER

The JavaScript Switch Statement
Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed.

Syntax : switch(n)
{
case 1:
execute code block 1
break;
case 2:
execute code block 2
break;
default:
code to be executed if n is different from case 1 and 2
} By Mrs. Geetanjali A. Bhosale. Assistant Professor, SIBER

<html>
<head>
<title>switch statement</title>
</head>
<body>
var d=new Date();
var theDay=d.getDay();
switch (theDay)
{
case 5:
document.write("<b>Finally Friday</b>");
break;
case 6:
document.write("<b>Super Saturday</b>");
break;
case 0:
document.write("<b>Sleepy Sunday</b>");
break;
default:
document.write("<b>I'm really looking forward to this
weekend!</b>");
}
</script>
<p>This JavaScript will generate a different greeting based on what day it
is.
Note that Sunday=0, Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc.</p>
</body> By Mrs. Geetanjali A. Bhosale. Assistant Professor, SIBER

JavaScript Dialog boxes

JavaScript has three kind of dialog boxes:

1) Alert box.

2) Confirm box.

3) Prompt box.


1) Alert box : An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information
comes through to the user. When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click
"OK" to proceed.
Syntax : alert("some text");
Example :
<html>
<head>
function show_alert()
{
alert("Hello! I am an alert box!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="show_alert()" value="Show alert box">
</body>
</html>


2) Confirm box :

A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept

something. When a confirm box pops up, the user will have to click either

"OK" or "Cancel" to proceed. If the user clicks "OK", the box returns true.

If the user clicks "Cancel", the box returns false.

Syntax :

confirm("sometext");


<html>
<head>
function show_confirm()
{
var r=confirm("Press a button!");
if (r==true)
{
alert("You pressed OK!");
}
else
{
alert("You pressed Cancel!");
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="show_confirm()" value="Show a
confirm box" />
</body>
</html>

2) Prompt box :
A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value
before entering a page.
When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or
"Cancel" to proceed after entering an input value.
If the user clicks "OK" the box returns the input value. If the user clicks
"Cancel" the box returns null.

Syntax :
prompt("sometext","defaultvalue");


<html>
<head>
function show_prompt()
{
var name=prompt("Please enter your name","abc");
if (name!=null && name!="")
{
document.write("Hello " + name + "! How
are you today?");
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<input type="button" onclick="show_prompt()" value="Show
prompt box" />
</body>
</html>


JavaScript Functions
A JavaScript function is a collection of statements, either
named or unnamed, that can be called from elsewhere within a
JavaScript program.
• To keep the browser from executing a script when the page loads, you can put
your script into a function.

• A function contains code that will be executed by an event or by a call to the
function.

• You may call a function from anywhere within a page (or even from other
pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file).

• Functions can be defined both in the <head> and in the <body> section of a
document. However, to assure that a function is read/loaded by the browser
before it is called, it could be wise to put functions in the <head> section.



Syntax of Function:

function functionName(argument1,argument2,...,argumentX)
{
//statements go here;
}


<html>
<head>
<title>JavaScript Function</title>
function displaymessage()
{
alert("Hello World!");
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click me!"
onclick="displaymessage()">
</form>
</body>
</html>


The return Statement : When a function finishes executing its code, a
return value can be passed back to the caller.
Example:
<html>
<head>
function multiplyNums(a,b)
{
return a*b;
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
document.write(multiplyNums(4,3));
</script>
</body>
</html>


JavaScript Arrays
An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value, at a
time.
Defining Arrays:
1) regular array :
e.g. var empNames=new Array(); // regular array (add an optional integer
empNames[0]=“John"; // argument to control array's size)
empNames[1]=“Smith";
empNames[2]=“Mark";
2) condensed array :
e.g. var empNames=new Array(“John",“Smith",“Mark"); // condensed array
3) literal array :
e.g. var empNames=["John",”Smith",“Mark "]; // literal array


JavaScript Arrays
Access an Array :

e.g. document.write(empNames[0]);

Modify Values in an Array :

e.g. empNames[0]=“Rajesh”;


Controlling Flow With Loops In
JavaScript

In JavaScript, there are two different kind of loops:

• for - loops through a block of code a specified number
of times

• while - loops through a block of code while a
specified condition is true


Loops In JavaScript

for loops : The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times
the script should run.

Syntax :

for (variable=startvalue;variable<=endvalue;variable=variable+increment)

{

code to be executed

}


for Loop Example
<html>
<body>
var i=0;
for (i=0;i<=5;i++)
{
document.write("The number is " + i);
document.write("<br />");
}
</script>
<p>Explanation:</p>
<p>This for loop starts with i=0.</p>
<p>As long as <b>i</b> is less than, or equal to 5, the loop will
continue to run.</p>
<p><b>i</b> will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.</p>
</body>
</html>


Loops In JavaScript

while loops :

The while loop loops through a block of code while a specified condition

is true.

Syntax :

while (variable<=endvalue)

{

code to be executed

}


while Loop Example
<html>
<body>
i=0;
while (i<=5)
{
i++;
}
</script>
<p>Explanation:</p>
<p><b>i</b> is equal to 0.</p>
<p>While <b>i</b> is less than , or equal to, 5, the loop will
</body>
</html>


Loops In JavaScript

Do…while loops : The do...while loop is a variant of the while loop. This

loop will execute the block of code ONCE, and then it will repeat the loop as long

as the specified condition is true

Syntax :

do

{

code to be executed

}

while (variable<=endvalue);


Do…while Loop Example
<html>
<body>
i = 0;
do
{
i++;
}
while (i <= 5)
</script>
<p>Explanation:</p>
<p><b>i</b> equal to 0.</p>
<p>The loop will run</p>
<p>While <b>i</b> is less than , or equal to, 5, the loop will
</body>
</html>


JavaScript Break and Continue Statements
The break Statement
The break statement will break the loop and continue executing the code that
follows after the loop (if any).
Example: <html>
<body>
var i=0;
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
if (i==3)
{
break;
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

JavaScript Break and Continue Statements
The continue statement will break the current loop and continue with the
next value.
Example: <html>
<body>
var i=0
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
if (i==3)
{
continue;
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>

JavaScript Objects
JavaScript is a Object based Language. It allows you to define your own objects.
An object is just a special kind of data. An object has properties and methods.

• Properties :
Properties are the values associated with an object.
var txt="Hello World!";
document.write(txt.length);
</script>
Output:=12
• Methods :
Methods are the actions that can be performed on objects.
var str="Hello world!";
document.write(str.toUpperCase());
</script>
Output:=HELLO WORLD!


JavaScript Type casting/
Data type Conversion
1) Number Conversions
2) String Conversions
3) Boolean Conversion
1) Number Conversions:
The Number() function converts the object argument to a number that
represents the object's value. If the value cannot be converted to a legal
number, NaN is returned.
Syntax:
Number(object) ;

Parameter Description
Optional. A JavaScript object. If no argument is provided, it
object
returns 0.


JavaScript Type casting
1) Number Conversion:
<html>
<head>
<title>Conversion to Number</title>
</head>
<body>
var test1= new Boolean(true);
var test2= new Boolean(false);
var test3= new Date();
var test4= new String("999");
var test5= new String("999 888");
document.write(Number(test1)+ "<br>");
</script>
</body>
</html>


Note: If the parameter is a Date object, the Number() function returns the
number of milliseconds since midnight January 1, 1970 UTC.


JavaScript Type casting/
Data type Conversion
2) String Conversions :

The String() function converts the value of an object to a string.

Syntax:
String(object);

Parameter Description
object Required. A JavaScript object


JavaScript Type casting
<html>
<head>
<title>Conversion to Number</title>
</head>
<body>
var test1= new Boolean(1);
var test2= new Boolean(0);
var test3= new Boolean(true);
var test4= new Boolean(false);
var test5= new Date();
var test6= new String("999 888");
var test7=12345;
document.write(String(test1)+ "<br />");
</script>
</body>
</html>

JavaScript Events

Events are actions that can be detected by JavaScript.
We define the events in the HTML tags.
Examples of events:

•A mouse click
•A web page or an image loading
•Mousing over a hot spot on the web page
•Selecting an input field in an HTML form
•Submitting an HTML form
•A keystroke
Note: Events are normally used in combination with functions, and the
function will not be executed before the event occurs!


JavaScript Events

Attribute The event occurs when...

onblur An element loses focus
onchange The content of a field changes
onclick Mouse clicks an object
ondblclick Mouse double-clicks an object
An error occurs when loading a document or an
onerror
image
onfocus An element gets focus
onkeydown A keyboard key is pressed
onkeypress A keyboard key is pressed or held down
onkeyup A keyboard key is released
onload A page or image is finished loading


JavaScript Events

Attribute The event occurs when...

onmousedown A mouse button is pressed

onmousemove The mouse is moved

onmouseout The mouse is moved off an element

onmouseover The mouse is moved over an element

onmouseup A mouse button is released

onresize A window or frame is resized

onselect Text is selected

onunload The user exits the page


JavaScript Events Example
<html>
<head>
function upperCase()
{
var x=document.getElementById("fname").value
document.getElementById("fname").value=x.toUpperCase()
}
</script>
</head>
<body>

Enter your name:
<input type="text" id="fname" onblur="upperCase()">

</body>
</html>


JavaScript Built-in Objects
String Object:
The String object is used to manipulate a stored piece of
text. String objects are created with new String().

Syntax :
var txt = new String("string");
or
var txt = "string";

String Object Properties :
Property Description
length Returns the length of a string


JavaScript Built-in Objects
Method Description
charAt() Returns the character at the specified index
charCodeAt() Returns the Unicode of the character at the specified index
Joins two or more strings, and returns a copy of the joined
concat()
strings
fromCharCode() Converts Unicode values to characters
Returns the position of the first found occurrence of a
indexOf()
specified value in a string

Returns the position of the last found occurrence of a
lastIndexOf()
specified value in a string

Searches for a match between a regular expression and a
match()
string, and returns the matches

Searches for a match between a substring (or regular
replace() expression) and a string, and replaces the matched substring
with a new substring


Javascript by geetanjali

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