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Gautham Reddy, profile picture
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Global positioning system (GPS)

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information to users with GPS receivers. It was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1970s to overcome limitations of previous navigation systems. GPS uses 24 satellites that orbit the Earth and transmit signals that allow receivers to determine their precise location, speed and direction. The system works by calculating the time delay of signals from at least 3 satellites to determine the user's position through trilateration. GPS has both military and civilian applications including vehicle navigation, map-making, tracking valuable assets, and outdoor recreational activities.

Educación◦Tecnología◦Empresariales◦
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Global positioning system By K.Gautham Reddy 2011A8ps364g By K.Gautham Reddy 2011A8PS364G
Introduction • The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based Global navigation satellite system that provides location and time information. • The project was started in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems. • GPS was created by the US department of defence and was originally run with 24 satellites. • Since 1994 the Global Positioning System has been available for civilian use at no cost. • Freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver. • Main functions : Position and coordinates, Travel progress reports, Accurate time measurement.
The need for positioning system  Department of Defense were facing challenges to increase security of the US. During emergencies we require immediate tracking of important people. Logistic companies need tracing of their fleet for reliable operations. Personal valuables vehicles and goods when stolen or lost were not easier to locate.
Components of the system  A constellation of 24 satellites  Six orbital planes -Inclined 55 degrees with respect to equator  20,200 km elevation above earth  Orbital period of 11 hr 55 min  Five to eight satellites visiblefrom any point on Earth
Three segments of GPS 1) Space Segment-A constellation of 24 satellites 2) Control segment-A network of earth based facilities 3) User segment
OPERATION OF GPS  A GPS receiver can tell its own position by using the position data of itself, and compares that data with 3 or more GPS satellites.  To get the distance to each satellite, the GPS transmits a signal to each satellite.  The signal travels at a known speed.  The system measures the time delay between the signal transmission and signal reception of the GPS signal.  The signals carry information about the satellite’s location.  Determines the position of, and distance to, at least three satellites, to reduce error.  The receiver computes position using trilateration.
Determining GPS position • The GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time received.The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. •Suppose Satellite A to our position is 11,000 miles • At this point we could be located anywhere on the specified sphere • Next, let us take another measurement from a second satellite, Satellite B •Now our position is narrowed down to the intersection of theses two sphere Satellite A + Satellite B +
Satellite C + Determining GPS Position Satellite A Satellite B + + •Taking another measurement from a 3rd satellite narrows our position down even further, to the two points • These points are located where the 3rd sphere cuts through the intersection of first two spheres •So by ranging from 3 satellites we can narrow our position to just two points in space •We could make a 4th measurement from another satellite to determine the true point •However, GPS receivers use a 4th satellite to precisely locate our position
Applications  Military: - Search and rescue missions - Digital Assistant for soldiers (personal navigation) - Detect nuclear detonation with sensors on satellites someone explode a nuclear weapon, the GPS system can find the position by equiping it with sensors.  Civilian: - Used in map-making and land surveying - Outdoor Activities (Hike/bike trails, GeoCaching) - Various usages in many fields of industry - Vehicle navigation (for cars, airplanes, and ships) - Use GPS to determine position, speed, and direction
Limitations and drawbacks  A stolen object can’t be traced out if Receiver is switched off or facing power failure.  Low batteries may reduce receiver sensitivity.  Position of the receiver can’t be traced if kept under high EM insulation.  It requires a minimum of 4-5 satellites in order to give accurate locations.  Causes problem when the sky is obscured by canyon walls, mountains, or tall buildings.  Atmospheric conditions like geomagnetic storms makes it less accurate
Future of GPS  Automobiles are tested on moving on their own without the assistance of a driver.  Tests have begun in using unmanned aircrafts.  GPS has truly helped man to advance in more ways than one.  It is also going to bring a great revolution by its development.
References  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System  http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/travel/gps.htm  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_navigation_device  http://www.ehow.com/about_5730112_objectives-global- positioning-system.html  http://www.ehow.com/about_6595713_purpose-gps-system- started.html  http://www.webmapsolutions.com/future-developments-gps- technology