# Django 5.0.9.dev20240806133106 ドキュメント

# Django 2.2 リリースノート

April 1, 2019

Welcome to Django 2.2!

このリリースノートでは、 バージョン 2.2 の新機能 と、Django 2.1 以前からアップグレードする際に注意すべき、 後方互換性のない変更 について説明します。また、 一部の機能を非推奨 としました。

既存のプロジェクトをアップデートするときは、 Django の新しいバージョンへの更新 ガイドに従ってください。

Django 2.2 is designated as a long-term support release. It will receive security updates for at least three years after its release. Support for the previous LTS, Django 1.11, will end in April 2020.

## Python バージョン間の互換性

Django 2.2 supports Python 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8 (as of 2.2.8), and 3.9 (as of 2.2.17). We highly recommend and only officially support the latest release of each series.

## What's new in Django 2.2

### Constraints

The new `CheckConstraint` and `UniqueConstraint` classes enable adding custom database constraints. Constraints are added to models using the `Meta.constraints` option.

### マイナーな機能

#### `django.contrib.admin`

- Added a CSS class to the column headers of `TabularInline`.

#### `django.contrib.auth`

- The `HttpRequest` is now passed as the first positional argument to `RemoteUserBackend.configure_user()`, if it accepts it.

#### `django.contrib.gis`

- Added Oracle support for the `Envelope` function.
- Added SpatiaLite support for the `coveredby` and `covers` lookups.

#### `django.contrib.postgres`

- The new `ordering` argument for `ArrayAgg` and `StringAgg` determines the ordering of the aggregated elements.
- The new `BTreeIndex`, `HashIndex` and `SpGistIndex` classes allow creating `B-Tree`, `hash`, and `SP-GiST` indexes in the database.
- `BrinIndex` now has the `autosummarize` parameter.
- The new `search_type` parameter of `SearchQuery` allows searching for a phrase or raw expression.

#### `django.contrib.staticfiles`

- Added path matching to the `collectstatic --ignore` option so that patterns like `/vendor/*.js` can be used.

#### データベースバックエンド

- Added result streaming for `QuerySet.iterator()` on SQLite.

#### ジェネリックビュー (汎用ビュー)

- The new `View.setup` hook initializes view attributes before calling `dispatch()`. It allows mixins to set up instance attributes for reuse in child classes.

#### 国際化 (internationalization)

- Added support and translations for the Armenian language.

#### 管理コマンド

- The new `--force-color` option forces colorization of the command output.
- `inspectdb` now creates models for foreign tables on PostgreSQL.
- `inspectdb --include-views` now creates models for materialized views on Oracle and PostgreSQL.
- The new `inspectdb --include-partitions` option allows creating models for partition tables on PostgreSQL. In older versions, models are created child tables instead the parent.
- `inspectdb` now introspects `DurationField` for Oracle and PostgreSQL, and `AutoField` for SQLite.
- On Oracle, `dbshell` is wrapped with `rlwrap`, if available. `rlwrap` provides a command history and editing of keyboard input.
- The new `makemigrations --no-header` option avoids writing header comments in generated migration file(s). This option is also available for `squashmigrations`.
- `runserver` can now use Watchman to improve the performance of watching a large number of files for changes.

#### マイグレーション

- The new `migrate --plan` option prints the list of migration operations that will be performed.
- `NoneType` can now be serialized in migrations.
- You can now register custom serializers for migrations.

#### モデル

- Added support for PostgreSQL operator classes (`Index.opclasses`).
- Added support for partial indexes (`Index.condition`).
- Added the `NullIf` and `Reverse` database functions, as well as many math database functions.
- Setting the new `ignore_conflicts` parameter of `QuerySet.bulk_create()` to `True` tells the database to ignore failure to insert rows that fail uniqueness constraints or other checks.
- The new `ExtractIsoYear` function extracts ISO-8601 week-numbering years from `DateField` and `DateTimeField`, and the new `iso_year` lookup allows querying by an ISO-8601 week-numbering year.
- The new `QuerySet.bulk_update()` method allows efficiently updating specific fields on multiple model instances.
- Django no longer always starts a transaction when a single query is being performed, such as `Model.save()`, `QuerySet.update()`, and `Model.delete()`. This improves the performance of autocommit by reducing the number of database round trips.
- Added SQLite support for the `StdDev` and `Variance` functions.
- The handling of `DISTINCT` aggregation is added to the `Aggregate` class. Adding `allow_distinct = True` as a class attribute on `Aggregate` subclasses allows a `distinct` keyword argument to be specified on initialization to ensure that the aggregate function is only called for each distinct value of `expressions`.
- The `RelatedManager.add()`, `create()`, `remove()`, `set()`, `get_or_create()`, and `update_or_create()` methods are now allowed on many-to-many relationships with intermediate models. The new `through_defaults` argument is used to specify values for new intermediate model instance(s).

#### Request と Response

- Added `HttpRequest.headers` to allow simple access to a request's headers.

#### シリアライズ (シリアル化)

- You can now deserialize data using natural keys containing forward references by passing `handle_forward_references=True` to `serializers.deserialize()`. Additionally, `loaddata` handles forward references automatically.

#### テスト

- The new `SimpleTestCase.assertURLEqual()` assertion checks for a given URL, ignoring the ordering of the query string. `assertRedirects()` uses the new assertion.
- The test `Client` now supports automatic JSON serialization of list and tuple `data` when `content_type='application/json'`.
- The new `ORACLE_MANAGED_FILES` test database setting allows using Oracle Managed Files (OMF) tablespaces.
- Deferrable database constraints are now checked at the end of each `TestCase` test on SQLite 3.20+, just like on other backends that support deferrable constraints. These checks aren't implemented for older versions of SQLite because they would require expensive table introspection there.
- `DiscoverRunner` now skips the setup of databases not referenced by tests.

#### URL

- The new `ResolverMatch.route` attribute stores the route of the matching URL pattern.

#### バリデータ

- `MaxValueValidator`, `MinValueValidator`, `MinLengthValidator`, and `MaxLengthValidator` now accept a callable `limit_value`.

## Backwards incompatible changes in 2.2

### データベースバックエンド API

このセクションでは、サードパーティのデータベースバックエンドで必要になる可能性のある変更について説明します。

- Third-party database backends must implement support for table check constraints or set `DatabaseFeatures.supports_table_check_constraints` to `False`.
- Third party database backends must implement support for ignoring constraints or uniqueness errors while inserting or set `DatabaseFeatures.supports_ignore_conflicts` to `False`.
- Third party database backends must implement introspection for `DurationField` or set `DatabaseFeatures.can_introspect_duration_field` to `False`.
- `DatabaseFeatures.uses_savepoints` now defaults to `True`.
- Third party database backends must implement support for partial indexes or set `DatabaseFeatures.supports_partial_indexes` to `False`.
- `DatabaseIntrospection.table_name_converter()` and `column_name_converter()` are removed. Third party database backends may need to instead implement `DatabaseIntrospection.identifier_converter()`. In that case, the constraint names that `DatabaseIntrospection.get_constraints()` returns must be normalized by `identifier_converter()`.
- SQL generation for indexes is moved from `Index` to `SchemaEditor` and these `SchemaEditor` methods are added:
  - `_create_primary_key_sql()` and `_delete_primary_key_sql()`
  - `_delete_index_sql()` (to pair with `_create_index_sql()`)
  - `_delete_unique_sql` (to pair with `_create_unique_sql()`)
  - `_delete_fk_sql()` (to pair with `_create_fk_sql()`)
  - `_create_check_sql()` and `_delete_check_sql()`
- The third argument of `DatabaseWrapper.__init__()`, `allow_thread_sharing`, is removed.

### Admin actions are no longer collected from base `ModelAdmin` classes

For example, in older versions of Django:

    from django.contrib import admin

    class BaseAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
        actions = ["a"]

    class SubAdmin(BaseAdmin):
        actions = ["b"]

`SubAdmin` would have actions `'a'` and `'b'`.

Now `actions` follows standard Python inheritance. To get the same result as before:

    class SubAdmin(BaseAdmin):
        actions = BaseAdmin.actions + ["b"]

### `django.contrib.gis`

- Support for GDAL 1.9 and 1.10 is dropped.

### `TransactionTestCase` serialized data loading

Initial data migrations are now loaded in `TransactionTestCase` at the end of the test, after the database flush. In older versions, this data was loaded at the beginning of the test, but this prevents the `test --keepdb` option from working properly (the database was empty at the end of the whole test suite). This change shouldn't have an impact on your tests unless you've customized `TransactionTestCase`'s internals.

### `sqlparse` is required dependency

Django のデータベース処理の一部をシンプルにするため、 sqlparse 0.2.2+ との依存関係が必須となりました。 Django とともに自動的にインストールされます。

### `cached_property` aliases

In usage like:

    from django.utils.functional import cached_property

    class A:
        @cached_property
        def base(self):
            return ...

        alias = base

`alias` is not cached. Where the problem can be detected (Python 3.6 and later), such usage now raises `TypeError: Cannot assign the same cached_property to two different names ('base' and 'alias').`

Use this instead:

    import operator

    class A:
        ...

        alias = property(operator.attrgetter("base"))

### Permissions for proxy models

Permissions for proxy models are now created using the content type of the proxy model rather than the content type of the concrete model. A migration will update existing permissions when you run `migrate`.

In the admin, the change is transparent for proxy models having the same `app_label` as their concrete model. However, in older versions, users with permissions for a proxy model with a different `app_label` than its concrete model couldn't access the model in the admin. That's now fixed, but you might want to audit the permissions assignments for such proxy models (`[add|view|change|delete]_myproxy`) prior to upgrading to ensure the new access is appropriate.

Finally, proxy model permission strings must be updated to use their own `app_label`. For example, for `app.MyProxyModel` inheriting from `other_app.ConcreteModel`, update `user.has_perm('other_app.add_myproxymodel')` to `user.has_perm('app.add_myproxymodel')`.

### Merging of form `Media` assets

Form `Media` assets are now merged using a topological sort algorithm, as the old pairwise merging algorithm is insufficient for some cases. CSS and JavaScript files which don't include their dependencies may now be sorted incorrectly (where the old algorithm produced results correctly by coincidence).

Audit all `Media` classes for any missing dependencies. For example, widgets depending on `django.jQuery` must specify `js=['admin/js/jquery.init.js', ...]` when declaring form media assets.

### その他

- To improve readability, the `UUIDField` form field now displays values with dashes, e.g. `550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000` instead of `550e8400e29b41d4a716446655440000`.

- On SQLite, `PositiveIntegerField` and `PositiveSmallIntegerField` now include a check constraint to prevent negative values in the database. If you have existing invalid data and run a migration that recreates a table, you'll see `CHECK constraint failed`.

- For consistency with WSGI servers, the test client now sets the `Content-Length` header to a string rather than an integer.

- The return value of `django.utils.text.slugify()` is no longer marked as HTML safe.

- The default truncation character used by the `urlizetrunc`, `truncatechars`, `truncatechars_html`, `truncatewords`, and `truncatewords_html` template filters is now the real ellipsis character (`…`) instead of 3 dots. You may have to adapt some test output comparisons.

- Support for bytestring paths in the template filesystem loader is removed.

- `django.utils.http.urlsafe_base64_encode()` now returns a string instead of a bytestring, and `django.utils.http.urlsafe_base64_decode()` may no longer be passed a bytestring.

- Support for `cx_Oracle` < 6.0 is removed.

- The minimum supported version of `mysqlclient` is increased from 1.3.7 to 1.3.13.

- The minimum supported version of SQLite is increased from 3.7.15 to 3.8.3.

- In an attempt to provide more semantic query data, `NullBooleanSelect` now renders `<option>` values of `unknown`, `true`, and `false` instead of `1`, `2`, and `3`. For backwards compatibility, the old values are still accepted as data.

- `Group.name` `max_length` is increased from 80 to 150 characters.

- Tests that violate deferrable database constraints now error when run on SQLite 3.20+, just like on other backends that support such constraints.

- To catch usage mistakes, the test `Client` and `django.utils.http.urlencode()` now raise `TypeError` if `None` is passed as a value to encode because `None` can't be encoded in GET and POST data. Either pass an empty string or omit the value.

- `ping_google` 管理コマンドは、サイトマップのURLについて、デフォルトで `http` の代わりに `https` を使用するようになりました。サイトがhttpを使用している場合は、新しい `ping_google --sitemap-uses-http` オプションを使用してください。`django.contrib.sitemaps.ping_google` 関数を使用する場合は、新しい `sitemap_uses_https` 引数を `False` に設定してください。

- `runserver` no longer supports `pyinotify` (replaced by Watchman).

- The `Avg`, `StdDev`, and `Variance` aggregate functions now return a `Decimal` instead of a `float` when the input is `Decimal`.

- Tests will fail on SQLite if apps without migrations have relations to apps with migrations. This has been a documented restriction since migrations were added in Django 1.7, but it fails more reliably now. You'll see tests failing with errors like `no such table: <app_label>_<model>`. This was observed with several third-party apps that had models in tests without migrations. You must add migrations for such models.

- Providing an integer in the `key` argument of the `cache.delete()` or `cache.get()` now raises `ValueError`.

- Plural equations for some languages are changed, because the latest versions from Transifex are incorporated.

  注釈

  The ability to handle `.po` files containing different plural equations for the same language was added in Django 2.2.12.

## Features deprecated in 2.2

### Model `Meta.ordering` will no longer affect `GROUP BY` queries

A model's `Meta.ordering` affecting `GROUP BY` queries (such as `.annotate().values()`) is a common source of confusion. Such queries now issue a deprecation warning with the advice to add an `order_by()` to retain the current query. `Meta.ordering` will be ignored in such queries starting in Django 3.1.

### その他

- `django.utils.timezone.FixedOffset` is deprecated in favor of `datetime.timezone`.
- The undocumented `QuerySetPaginator` alias of `django.core.paginator.Paginator` is deprecated.
- The `FloatRangeField` model and form fields in `django.contrib.postgres` are deprecated in favor of a new name, `DecimalRangeField`, to match the underlying `numrange` data type used in the database.
- The `FILE_CHARSET` setting is deprecated. Starting with Django 3.1, files read from disk must be UTF-8 encoded.
- `django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.CachedStaticFilesStorage` is deprecated due to the intractable problems that it has. Use `ManifestStaticFilesStorage` or a third-party cloud storage instead.
- `RemoteUserBackend.configure_user()` is now passed `request` as the first positional argument, if it accepts it. Support for overrides that don't accept it will be removed in Django 3.1.
- The `SimpleTestCase.allow_database_queries`, `TransactionTestCase.multi_db`, and `TestCase.multi_db` attributes are deprecated in favor of `SimpleTestCase.databases`, `TransactionTestCase.databases`, and `TestCase.databases`. These new attributes allow databases dependencies to be declared in order to prevent unexpected queries against non-default databases to leak state between tests. The previous behavior of `allow_database_queries=True` and `multi_db=True` can be achieved by setting `databases='__all__'`.