Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Mechanical Behaviour of a Deep Soft Rock Large Deformation Roadway Supported by NPR Bolts: A Case Study

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A combined support scheme was proposed to address the issue of large deformation in the deep soft rock roadway at the Tangkou coal mine in Shanxi Province, China. This support scheme includes high constant resistance, elongation, and prestressed negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) bolts as the core element, along with metal mesh, shotcrete, cable, and bottom angle grouting bolt. A numerical simulation test using Flac3D was conducted to verify the feasibility of the NPR bolt-anchored soft rock roadway. In addition, a constitutive model for a rock mass supported by NPR bolts was established. The model is based on a parallel model of a generalised Kelvin body and elastic–viscous sliding body, which was used to reveal the mechanical behaviour of an NPR bolt-anchored rock mass. The results showed that the stress–strain relationship of the NPR bolt-anchored rock mass was obtained as a piecewise function consisting of the initial, slipping, and sticking stages. The stress and strain of the NPR bolt-anchored rock mass exhibit distinct patterns under different stress conditions. Specifically, when the stress remains constant, the strain of the NPR bolt-anchored rock mass increases continuously while the stress decreases in a step-like manner. On the other hand, when the stress increases linearly with time, the strain of the anchored rock mass increases linearly, while the stress of the anchorage rock mass increases slowly in a sawtooth pattern. Furthermore, a field support test fully confirmed the effective control of the NPR bolt support on the large deformations of soft rock roadways. These findings can guide further theoretical research, engineering design, and field applications of NPR bolt-anchored rock masses.

Highlights

  • A new combined support scheme is proposed using the NPR bolt as the core.

  • The mechanical behaviour of an NPR bolt-anchored rock mass is revealed.

  • Both numerical simulations and field tests demonstrated that the combined support scheme effectively controls the large deformations of soft rock roadways.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+
from €37.37 /Month
  • Starting from 10 chapters or articles per month
  • Access and download chapters and articles from more than 300k books and 2,500 journals
  • Cancel anytime
View plans

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Norway)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

Data availability

All the data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  • Batugin A, Wang ZQ, Su ZH, Shermatova S (2021) Combined support mechanism of rock bolts and anchor cables for adjacent roadways in the external staggered split-level panel layout. Int J Coal Sci Technol 8(4):659–673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burbaum U (2023) Stress-rate dependency of uniaxial compressive strength of hard rock with regard to test procedure standards. Bull Eng Geol Environ 82(4):1–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai M, Champaigne D (2009) The art of rock support in burst-prone ground. Proceedings of RaSiM 7:33–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai M, Kaiser PK (2018) Rockburst support reference book Volume I: rockburst phenomenon and support characteristics. Laurentian University, Sudbury, pp 284–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen JH, Zhao HB, He FL, Zhang JW, Tao KM (2021) Studying the performance of fully encapsulated rock bolts with modified structural elements. Int J Coal Sci Technol 8(1):64–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairhurst CE, Hudson JA (1999) Draft ISRM suggested method for the complete stress–strain curve for intact rock in uniaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 36:279–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo P, He MC, Wang J (2018) Study on coupling support technique in the roadway of Hecaogou No. 2 coal mine with soft roadway of large deformation. Geotech Geol Eng 36(2):1161–1173

    Google Scholar 

  • He MC, Xie HP, Peng SP (2005) Study on rock mechanics in deep mining engineering. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 24(16):2803–2813

    Google Scholar 

  • He MC, Gong WL, Wang J, Peng Q, Tao ZG, Du S, Peng YY (2014) Development of a novel energy-absorbing bolt with extraordinarily large elongation and constant resistance. Int J Rock Mech Min 67:29–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, MC, Guo, HY, Xia, M (2018) NPR anchor steel material and its production method. Beijing: CN108754339A, 2018-11-06.

  • Hou GY, Liang JP, Li XR (2022) Research on principles and methods of roadway support design under conventional conditions. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 41(04):691–711

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyett AJ, Bawden WF, Hedrick N (1995) A laboratory evaluation of the 25 mm Garford bulb anchor for cable bolt reinforcement. CIM Bull 88(992):54–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Jager AJ (1992) Two new support units for the control of rockburst damage. In: Kaiser PK, McCreath DR (eds) Rock support in mining and underground construction. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 621–631

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang B, Wang Q, Wei HY (2021) Recent development and prospects of energy-absorbing bolt in underground engineering. J Min Sci Technol 6(05):569–580

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang H, Wang JH, Lin J (2010) Case studies of rock bolting in coal mine roadways. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 29(4):649–664

    Google Scholar 

  • Knox G, Berghorst A, Crompton B (2018) The relationship between the magnitude of impact velocity per impulse and cumulative absorbed energy capacity of a rock bolt. Proceedings of The Fourth Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference Proceedings. Sydney Australia: The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.

  • Li CC (2010) A new energy-absorbing bolt for rock support in high-stress rock masses. Int J Rock Mech Min 47(3):396–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li WT, Li SC, Xuan C, Wang Q, Wang X, Shao X (2015) Mechanism and control of failure of rock roadway support in highly stressed soft rock. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 34(09):1836–1848

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu QS, Kang YY, Bai YQ (2011) Research on supporting method for deep rock roadway with broken and soft surrounding rock in Guqiao coal mine. Rock and Soil Mech 32(10):3097–3104

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortlepp WD (1970) Yieldable rock bolts for shock loading and grouted bolts for faster rock stabilization. Mines Magazine 60(3):12–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortlepp WD (1994) Grouted rock-studs as rockburst support: a simple design approach and an effective test procedure. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 94(2):47–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozbay U, Neugebauer E (2009) In-situ pull testing of a yieldable rock bolt, ROOFEX. Controlling Seismic Hazard Sustain Develop Deep Mines 2:1081–1090

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharifzadeh M, Lou J, Crompton B (2020) Dynamic performance of energy-absorbing rockbolts based on laboratory test results. Part I: evolution, deformation mechanisms, dynamic performance and classification. Tunn Undergr Space Tech 105:103510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simser B, Joughin WC, Ortlepp WD (2002) The performance of Brunswick Mine’s rockburst support system during a severe seismic episode. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 102(4):217–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Sun XM, Wang D, Feng JL, Zhang C, Chen YW (2014) Deformation control of asymmetric floor heave in a deep rock roadway: a case study. Int J Min Sci Technol 24(6):799–804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tao ZG, Zhao S, Zhang M, He MC, Lai H (2018) Numerical simulation research on mechanical properties of constant resistance bolt/cable with large deformation. J Min Saf Eng 35(01):40–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Tao ZG, Guo AP, He MC, Zhang J, Xia M, Wang D, Li MN, Zhu Z (2022) Research on the static characteristics of micro NPR bolt and its engineering applicability. Rock Soil Mechanics 43(03):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Tian ZC, Tang CA, Liu YJ, Tang YB (2020) Zonal disintegration test of deep tunnel under plane strain conditions. Int J Coal Sci Technol 7(2):337–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varden R, Lachenicht R, Player J (2008) Development and implementation of the Garford dynamic bolt at the Kanowna Belle Mine. 10th Underground Operators'' Conference. The Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Launceston, Australia. 95–102

  • Wang J (2011) Large deformation with constant-resistance supporting mechanism and its application of deep rock tunnel in Tangkou coal mine. China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, pp 43–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang ZC, Wang C, Wang XW (2018) Research on high strength and pre-stressed coupling support technology in deep extremely soft rock roadway. Geotech Geol Eng 36(5):3173–3182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu YK, Oldsen J, Lamothe M (2010) The Yield-Lok bolt for bursting and squeezing ground support. In: Jan MVS, Potvin Y, (eds). Deep Mining 2010-Proceedings of the 5th International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics. 301–8.

  • Xie HP, Gao F, Ju Y (2015) Research and development of rock mechanics in deep ground engineering. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 34(11):2161–2178

    Google Scholar 

  • Xie SR, Jiang ZS, Chen DM, Wang E, Lv F (2022) A new pressure relief technology by internal hole-making to protect roadway in two sides of deep coal roadway: a case study. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56(2):1537–1561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang SQ, Chen M, Jing HW, Chen KF, Meng B (2017) A case study on large deformation failure mechanism of deep soft rock roadway in Xin’An coal mine, China. Eng Geol 217:89–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu WJ, Wang WJ, Chen XY, Du SH (2015) Field investigations of high stress soft surrounding rocks and deformation control. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 7(4):421–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu KP, Ren FY, Puscasu R, Peng L, Meng QG (2020) Optimization of combined support in soft-rock roadway. Tunn Undergr Space Tech 103:103502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhan QJ, Zheng XG, Du JP, Xiao T (2020) Coupling instability mechanism and joint control technology of soft-rock roadway with a buried depth of 1336 m. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(5):2233–2248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang ZK, Wang LG, Shan RL (2012) Support technology of high resistant and yielding property for deep roadway under dynamic pressure. J Min Saf Eng 29(01):33–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao XD, Zhu QK, N JA, (2020) Mechanical mechanism analyses and dynamic impact experimental tests of a kind of novel J energy-releasing bolts. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 39(1):13–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X, Zhang DM, Nowamooz H, Jiang CB, Ye C (2022) Investigation on damage and failure mechanisms of roadway surrounding rock triggered by dynamic-static combined loads. Rock Mech Rock Eng 55(9):5639–5657

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Funding for this work was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China (52074300), China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing) fundamental scientific research funds—Doctoral students Top-notch Innovative Talents fostering funds (BBJ2023047), Yueqi Young Scholars Project of China University of Mining and Technology Beijing (2602021RC84), Guizhou province science and technology planning project ([2020]3007), and Beijing China University of Mining and Technology Education Foundation Project (XD2022002).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China

    Jiong Wang, Peng Liu, Manchao He, Huanzhi Tian & Weili Gong

  2. School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China

    Jiong Wang, Peng Liu, Manchao He & Huanzhi Tian

Authors
  1. Jiong Wang
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peng Liu
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Manchao He
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Huanzhi Tian
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Weili Gong
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peng Liu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, J., Liu, P., He, M. et al. Mechanical Behaviour of a Deep Soft Rock Large Deformation Roadway Supported by NPR Bolts: A Case Study. Rock Mech Rock Eng 56, 8851–8867 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03525-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Version of record:

  • Issue date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03525-7

Keywords

Profiles

  1. Peng Liu View author profile