diff --git a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/ResponseMapFactory.java b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/ResponseMapFactory.java
index 01a37d8491..2a7cd52bd1 100644
--- a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/ResponseMapFactory.java
+++ b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/ResponseMapFactory.java
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 import graphql.ExperimentalApi;
 import graphql.PublicSpi;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -12,6 +14,7 @@
  */
 @ExperimentalApi
 @PublicSpi
+@NullMarked
 public interface ResponseMapFactory {
 
     /**
@@ -27,6 +30,6 @@ public interface ResponseMapFactory {
      * @param values the values  like v1, v2, ..., vn
      * @return a new or reused map instance with (k1,v1), (k2, v2), ... (kn, vn)
      */
-    Map<String, Object> createInsertionOrdered(List<String> keys, List<Object> values);
+    Map<String, @Nullable Object> createInsertionOrdered(List<String> keys, List<@Nullable Object> values);
 
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/incremental/DeferredExecution.java b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/incremental/DeferredExecution.java
index ae63808989..b24ddc92b0 100644
--- a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/incremental/DeferredExecution.java
+++ b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/incremental/DeferredExecution.java
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 import graphql.ExperimentalApi;
 import graphql.normalized.incremental.NormalizedDeferredExecution;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;
 import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 
 /**
@@ -11,10 +12,11 @@
  * for the normalized representation of @defer.
  */
 @ExperimentalApi
+@NullMarked
 public class DeferredExecution {
-    private final String label;
+    private final @Nullable String label;
 
-    public DeferredExecution(String label) {
+    public DeferredExecution(@Nullable String label) {
         this.label = label;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/ChainedInstrumentation.java b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/ChainedInstrumentation.java
index 4ae65742bf..ebf2758e37 100644
--- a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/ChainedInstrumentation.java
+++ b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/ChainedInstrumentation.java
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 import graphql.schema.DataFetcher;
 import graphql.schema.GraphQLSchema;
 import graphql.validation.ValidationError;
-import org.jspecify.annotations.NonNull;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;
 import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 
 import java.util.AbstractMap;
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
  * @see graphql.execution.instrumentation.Instrumentation
  */
 @PublicApi
+@NullMarked
 public class ChainedInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
 
     // This class is inspired from https://github.com/leangen/graphql-spqr/blob/master/src/main/java/io/leangen/graphql/GraphQLRuntime.java#L80
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ public List<Instrumentation> getInstrumentations() {
         return instrumentations;
     }
 
-    private <T> InstrumentationContext<T> chainedCtx(InstrumentationState state, BiFunction<Instrumentation, InstrumentationState, InstrumentationContext<T>> mapper) {
+    private <T> @Nullable InstrumentationContext<T> chainedCtx(InstrumentationState state, BiFunction<Instrumentation, InstrumentationState, InstrumentationContext<T>> mapper) {
         // if we have zero or 1 instrumentations (and 1 is the most common), then we can avoid an object allocation
         // of the ChainedInstrumentationContext since it won't be needed
         if (instrumentations.isEmpty()) {
@@ -113,29 +114,29 @@ protected void chainedConsume(InstrumentationState state, BiConsumer<Instrumenta
     }
 
     @Override
-    public @NonNull CompletableFuture<InstrumentationState> createStateAsync(InstrumentationCreateStateParameters parameters) {
+    public CompletableFuture<InstrumentationState> createStateAsync(InstrumentationCreateStateParameters parameters) {
         return ChainedInstrumentationState.combineAll(instrumentations, parameters);
     }
 
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginExecution(InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginExecution(InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return chainedCtx(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginExecution(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
 
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<Document> beginParse(InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<Document> beginParse(InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return chainedCtx(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginParse(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
 
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<List<ValidationError>> beginValidation(InstrumentationValidationParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<List<ValidationError>> beginValidation(InstrumentationValidationParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return chainedCtx(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginValidation(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginExecuteOperation(InstrumentationExecuteOperationParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginExecuteOperation(InstrumentationExecuteOperationParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return chainedCtx(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginExecuteOperation(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ public InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginExecuteOperation(Instrumenta
     }
 
     @Override
-    public ExecutionStrategyInstrumentationContext beginExecutionStrategy(InstrumentationExecutionStrategyParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable ExecutionStrategyInstrumentationContext beginExecutionStrategy(InstrumentationExecutionStrategyParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         if (instrumentations.isEmpty()) {
             return ExecutionStrategyInstrumentationContext.NOOP;
         }
@@ -172,12 +173,12 @@ public ExecutionStrategyInstrumentationContext beginExecutionStrategy(Instrument
 
     @ExperimentalApi
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<Object> beginDeferredField(InstrumentationFieldParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<Object> beginDeferredField(InstrumentationFieldParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return chainedCtx(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginDeferredField(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginSubscribedFieldEvent(InstrumentationFieldParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginSubscribedFieldEvent(InstrumentationFieldParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return chainedCtx(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginSubscribedFieldEvent(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
@@ -188,12 +189,12 @@ public InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginSubscribedFieldEvent(Instrum
 
     @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<Object> beginFieldFetch(InstrumentationFieldFetchParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<Object> beginFieldFetch(InstrumentationFieldFetchParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return chainedCtx(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginFieldFetch(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public FieldFetchingInstrumentationContext beginFieldFetching(InstrumentationFieldFetchParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable FieldFetchingInstrumentationContext beginFieldFetching(InstrumentationFieldFetchParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         if (instrumentations.isEmpty()) {
             return FieldFetchingInstrumentationContext.NOOP;
         }
@@ -217,41 +218,35 @@ public FieldFetchingInstrumentationContext beginFieldFetching(InstrumentationFie
         return chainedCtx(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginFieldListCompletion(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
-    @NonNull
     @Override
     public ExecutionInput instrumentExecutionInput(ExecutionInput executionInput, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return chainedInstrument(state, executionInput, (instrumentation, specificState, accumulator) -> instrumentation.instrumentExecutionInput(accumulator, parameters, specificState));
     }
 
-    @NonNull
     @Override
     public DocumentAndVariables instrumentDocumentAndVariables(DocumentAndVariables documentAndVariables, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return chainedInstrument(state, documentAndVariables, (instrumentation, specificState, accumulator) ->
                 instrumentation.instrumentDocumentAndVariables(accumulator, parameters, specificState));
     }
 
-    @NonNull
     @Override
     public GraphQLSchema instrumentSchema(GraphQLSchema schema, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return chainedInstrument(state, schema, (instrumentation, specificState, accumulator) ->
                 instrumentation.instrumentSchema(accumulator, parameters, specificState));
     }
 
-    @NonNull
     @Override
     public ExecutionContext instrumentExecutionContext(ExecutionContext executionContext, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return chainedInstrument(state, executionContext, (instrumentation, specificState, accumulator) ->
                 instrumentation.instrumentExecutionContext(accumulator, parameters, specificState));
     }
 
-    @NonNull
     @Override
     public DataFetcher<?> instrumentDataFetcher(DataFetcher<?> dataFetcher, InstrumentationFieldFetchParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return chainedInstrument(state, dataFetcher, (Instrumentation instrumentation, InstrumentationState specificState, DataFetcher<?> accumulator) ->
                 instrumentation.instrumentDataFetcher(accumulator, parameters, specificState));
     }
 
-    @NonNull
     @Override
     public CompletableFuture<ExecutionResult> instrumentExecutionResult(ExecutionResult executionResult, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         ImmutableList<Map.Entry<Instrumentation, InstrumentationState>> entries = chainedMapAndDropNulls(state, AbstractMap.SimpleEntry::new);
@@ -300,7 +295,7 @@ public void onDispatched() {
         }
 
         @Override
-        public void onCompleted(T result, Throwable t) {
+        public void onCompleted(@Nullable T result, @Nullable Throwable t) {
             contexts.forEach(context -> context.onCompleted(result, t));
         }
     }
@@ -319,7 +314,7 @@ public void onDispatched() {
         }
 
         @Override
-        public void onCompleted(ExecutionResult result, Throwable t) {
+        public void onCompleted(@Nullable ExecutionResult result, @Nullable Throwable t) {
             contexts.forEach(context -> context.onCompleted(result, t));
         }
 
@@ -348,7 +343,7 @@ public void onDispatched() {
         }
 
         @Override
-        public void onCompleted(Map<String, Object> result, Throwable t) {
+        public void onCompleted(@Nullable Map<String, Object> result, @Nullable Throwable t) {
             contexts.forEach(context -> context.onCompleted(result, t));
         }
 
@@ -387,7 +382,7 @@ public void onExceptionHandled(DataFetcherResult<Object> dataFetcherResult) {
         }
 
         @Override
-        public void onCompleted(Object result, Throwable t) {
+        public void onCompleted(@Nullable Object result, @Nullable Throwable t) {
             contexts.forEach(context -> context.onCompleted(result, t));
         }
     }
@@ -407,7 +402,7 @@ public void onDispatched() {
         }
 
         @Override
-        public void onCompleted(Object result, Throwable t) {
+        public void onCompleted(@Nullable Object result, @Nullable Throwable t) {
             contexts.forEach(context -> context.onCompleted(result, t));
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/DocumentAndVariables.java b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/DocumentAndVariables.java
index 7b5c4c4978..7d7a43117d 100644
--- a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/DocumentAndVariables.java
+++ b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/DocumentAndVariables.java
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 import graphql.PublicApi;
 import graphql.collect.ImmutableMapWithNullValues;
 import graphql.language.Document;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;
 
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;
@@ -10,6 +12,7 @@
 import static graphql.Assert.assertNotNull;
 
 @PublicApi
+@NullMarked
 public class DocumentAndVariables {
     private final Document document;
     private final ImmutableMapWithNullValues<String, Object> variables;
@@ -37,6 +40,7 @@ public static Builder newDocumentAndVariables() {
         return new Builder();
     }
 
+    @NullUnmarked
     public static class Builder {
         private Document document;
         private Map<String, Object> variables;
diff --git a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/Instrumentation.java b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/Instrumentation.java
index 565c4333da..2bfb6eadcf 100644
--- a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/Instrumentation.java
+++ b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/Instrumentation.java
@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ default ExecuteObjectInstrumentationContext beginExecuteObject(InstrumentationEx
      * @return a nullable {@link InstrumentationContext} object that will be called back when the step ends (assuming it's not null)
      */
     @ExperimentalApi
+    @Nullable
     default InstrumentationContext<Object> beginDeferredField(InstrumentationFieldParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return noOp();
     }
diff --git a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/NoContextChainedInstrumentation.java b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/NoContextChainedInstrumentation.java
index 8d56230825..719376819a 100644
--- a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/NoContextChainedInstrumentation.java
+++ b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/NoContextChainedInstrumentation.java
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 import graphql.execution.instrumentation.parameters.InstrumentationValidationParameters;
 import graphql.language.Document;
 import graphql.validation.ValidationError;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;
 import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 
 import java.util.List;
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@
  * as itself.
  */
 @PublicApi
+@NullMarked
 public class NoContextChainedInstrumentation extends ChainedInstrumentation {
 
     public NoContextChainedInstrumentation(List<Instrumentation> instrumentations) {
@@ -49,28 +51,28 @@ public NoContextChainedInstrumentation(Instrumentation... instrumentations) {
         super(instrumentations);
     }
 
-    private <T> T runAll(InstrumentationState state, BiConsumer<Instrumentation, InstrumentationState> stateConsumer) {
+    private <T> @Nullable T runAll(InstrumentationState state, BiConsumer<Instrumentation, InstrumentationState> stateConsumer) {
         chainedConsume(state, stateConsumer);
         return null;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginExecution(InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginExecution(InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return runAll(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginExecution(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<Document> beginParse(InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<Document> beginParse(InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return runAll(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginParse(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<List<ValidationError>> beginValidation(InstrumentationValidationParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<List<ValidationError>> beginValidation(InstrumentationValidationParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return runAll(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginValidation(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginExecuteOperation(InstrumentationExecuteOperationParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginExecuteOperation(InstrumentationExecuteOperationParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return runAll(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginExecuteOperation(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ public InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginExecuteOperation(Instrumenta
     }
 
     @Override
-    public ExecutionStrategyInstrumentationContext beginExecutionStrategy(InstrumentationExecutionStrategyParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable ExecutionStrategyInstrumentationContext beginExecutionStrategy(InstrumentationExecutionStrategyParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return runAll(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginExecutionStrategy(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
@@ -90,12 +92,12 @@ public ExecutionStrategyInstrumentationContext beginExecutionStrategy(Instrument
     }
 
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<Object> beginDeferredField(InstrumentationFieldParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<Object> beginDeferredField(InstrumentationFieldParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return runAll(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginDeferredField(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginSubscribedFieldEvent(InstrumentationFieldParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginSubscribedFieldEvent(InstrumentationFieldParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return runAll(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginSubscribedFieldEvent(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
@@ -105,12 +107,12 @@ public InstrumentationContext<ExecutionResult> beginSubscribedFieldEvent(Instrum
     }
 
     @Override
-    public InstrumentationContext<Object> beginFieldFetch(InstrumentationFieldFetchParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable InstrumentationContext<Object> beginFieldFetch(InstrumentationFieldFetchParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return runAll(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginFieldFetch(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
     @Override
-    public FieldFetchingInstrumentationContext beginFieldFetching(InstrumentationFieldFetchParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public @Nullable FieldFetchingInstrumentationContext beginFieldFetching(InstrumentationFieldFetchParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return runAll(state, (instrumentation, specificState) -> instrumentation.beginFieldFetching(parameters, specificState));
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/SimpleInstrumentation.java b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/SimpleInstrumentation.java
index d2df536e75..9f9c2d272e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/SimpleInstrumentation.java
+++ b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/SimpleInstrumentation.java
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package graphql.execution.instrumentation;
 
 import graphql.PublicApi;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;
 
 /**
  * An implementation of {@link graphql.execution.instrumentation.Instrumentation} that does nothing.  It can be used
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@
  * @deprecated use {@link SimplePerformantInstrumentation} instead as a base class.
  */
 @PublicApi
+@NullMarked
 @Deprecated(since = "2022-10-05")
 public class SimpleInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/SimpleInstrumentationContext.java b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/SimpleInstrumentationContext.java
index 0abfc744d6..1a3d240c65 100644
--- a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/SimpleInstrumentationContext.java
+++ b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/SimpleInstrumentationContext.java
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 package graphql.execution.instrumentation;
 
 import graphql.PublicApi;
-import org.jspecify.annotations.NonNull;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 
 import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
 
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@
  * A simple implementation of {@link InstrumentationContext}
  */
 @PublicApi
+@NullMarked
 public class SimpleInstrumentationContext<T> implements InstrumentationContext<T> {
 
     private static final InstrumentationContext<Object> NO_OP = new InstrumentationContext<Object>() {
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ public void onDispatched() {
         }
 
         @Override
-        public void onCompleted(Object result, Throwable t) {
+        public void onCompleted(@Nullable Object result, @Nullable Throwable t) {
         }
     };
 
@@ -41,19 +43,18 @@ public static <T> InstrumentationContext<T> noOp() {
      *
      * @return a non null {@link InstrumentationContext} that maybe a no-op
      */
-    @NonNull
-    public static <T> InstrumentationContext<T> nonNullCtx(InstrumentationContext<T> nullableContext) {
+    public static <T> InstrumentationContext<T> nonNullCtx(@Nullable InstrumentationContext<T> nullableContext) {
         return nullableContext == null ? noOp() : nullableContext;
     }
 
-    private final BiConsumer<T, Throwable> codeToRunOnComplete;
-    private final Runnable codeToRunOnDispatch;
+    private final @Nullable BiConsumer<T, Throwable> codeToRunOnComplete;
+    private final @Nullable Runnable codeToRunOnDispatch;
 
     public SimpleInstrumentationContext() {
         this(null, null);
     }
 
-    private SimpleInstrumentationContext(Runnable codeToRunOnDispatch, BiConsumer<T, Throwable> codeToRunOnComplete) {
+    private SimpleInstrumentationContext(@Nullable Runnable codeToRunOnDispatch, @Nullable BiConsumer<T, Throwable> codeToRunOnComplete) {
         this.codeToRunOnComplete = codeToRunOnComplete;
         this.codeToRunOnDispatch = codeToRunOnDispatch;
     }
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ public void onDispatched() {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public void onCompleted(T result, Throwable t) {
+    public void onCompleted(@Nullable T result, @Nullable Throwable t) {
         if (codeToRunOnComplete != null) {
             codeToRunOnComplete.accept(result, t);
         }
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ public static <U> SimpleInstrumentationContext<U> whenCompleted(BiConsumer<U, Th
     }
 
     public static <T> BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> completeInstrumentationCtxCF(
-            InstrumentationContext<T> instrumentationContext) {
+            @Nullable InstrumentationContext<T> instrumentationContext) {
         return (result, throwable) -> {
             nonNullCtx(instrumentationContext).onCompleted(result, throwable);
         };
diff --git a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/SimplePerformantInstrumentation.java b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/SimplePerformantInstrumentation.java
index 26f30714fa..a2cb05b592 100644
--- a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/SimplePerformantInstrumentation.java
+++ b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/SimplePerformantInstrumentation.java
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 import graphql.schema.DataFetcher;
 import graphql.schema.GraphQLSchema;
 import graphql.validation.ValidationError;
-import org.jspecify.annotations.NonNull;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;
 import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 
 import java.util.List;
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
  */
 @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
 @PublicApi
+@NullMarked
 public class SimplePerformantInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
 
     /**
@@ -112,32 +113,32 @@ public class SimplePerformantInstrumentation implements Instrumentation {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public @NonNull ExecutionInput instrumentExecutionInput(ExecutionInput executionInput, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public ExecutionInput instrumentExecutionInput(ExecutionInput executionInput, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return executionInput;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public @NonNull DocumentAndVariables instrumentDocumentAndVariables(DocumentAndVariables documentAndVariables, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public DocumentAndVariables instrumentDocumentAndVariables(DocumentAndVariables documentAndVariables, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return documentAndVariables;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public @NonNull GraphQLSchema instrumentSchema(GraphQLSchema schema, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public GraphQLSchema instrumentSchema(GraphQLSchema schema, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return schema;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public @NonNull ExecutionContext instrumentExecutionContext(ExecutionContext executionContext, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public ExecutionContext instrumentExecutionContext(ExecutionContext executionContext, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return executionContext;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public @NonNull DataFetcher<?> instrumentDataFetcher(DataFetcher<?> dataFetcher, InstrumentationFieldFetchParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public DataFetcher<?> instrumentDataFetcher(DataFetcher<?> dataFetcher, InstrumentationFieldFetchParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return dataFetcher;
     }
 
     @Override
-    public @NonNull CompletableFuture<ExecutionResult> instrumentExecutionResult(ExecutionResult executionResult, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
+    public CompletableFuture<ExecutionResult> instrumentExecutionResult(ExecutionResult executionResult, InstrumentationExecutionParameters parameters, InstrumentationState state) {
         return CompletableFuture.completedFuture(executionResult);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/fieldvalidation/FieldAndArguments.java b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/fieldvalidation/FieldAndArguments.java
index 3ad6bc3e9c..9a0e2dfa4c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/fieldvalidation/FieldAndArguments.java
+++ b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/fieldvalidation/FieldAndArguments.java
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 import graphql.language.Field;
 import graphql.schema.GraphQLCompositeType;
 import graphql.schema.GraphQLFieldDefinition;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;
 
 import java.util.Map;
 
@@ -12,6 +14,7 @@
  * This represents a field and its arguments that may be validated.
  */
 @PublicApi
+@NullMarked
 public interface FieldAndArguments {
 
     /**
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ public interface FieldAndArguments {
     /**
      * @return the parent arguments or null if there is no parent
      */
-    FieldAndArguments getParentFieldAndArguments();
+    @Nullable FieldAndArguments getParentFieldAndArguments();
 
     /**
      * @return the path to this field
@@ -56,5 +59,5 @@ public interface FieldAndArguments {
      * @return a cast object of type T
      */
     @SuppressWarnings("TypeParameterUnusedInFormals")
-    <T> T getArgumentValue(String argumentName);
+    <T> @Nullable T getArgumentValue(String argumentName);
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/fieldvalidation/FieldValidationEnvironment.java b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/fieldvalidation/FieldValidationEnvironment.java
index 047c3e7831..467e96610e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/fieldvalidation/FieldValidationEnvironment.java
+++ b/src/main/java/graphql/execution/instrumentation/fieldvalidation/FieldValidationEnvironment.java
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 import graphql.PublicApi;
 import graphql.execution.ExecutionContext;
 import graphql.execution.ResultPath;
+import org.jspecify.annotations.NullMarked;
 
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@
  * @see FieldAndArguments
  */
 @PublicApi
+@NullMarked
 public interface FieldValidationEnvironment {
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/test/groovy/graphql/archunit/JSpecifyAnnotationsCheck.groovy b/src/test/groovy/graphql/archunit/JSpecifyAnnotationsCheck.groovy
index 1b6cdafa61..26eaf56493 100644
--- a/src/test/groovy/graphql/archunit/JSpecifyAnnotationsCheck.groovy
+++ b/src/test/groovy/graphql/archunit/JSpecifyAnnotationsCheck.groovy
@@ -58,16 +58,6 @@ class JSpecifyAnnotationsCheck extends Specification {
             "graphql.execution.directives.QueryAppliedDirective",
             "graphql.execution.directives.QueryAppliedDirectiveArgument",
             "graphql.execution.directives.QueryDirectives",
-            "graphql.execution.incremental.DeferredExecution",
-            "graphql.execution.instrumentation.ChainedInstrumentation",
-            "graphql.execution.instrumentation.DocumentAndVariables",
-            "graphql.execution.instrumentation.NoContextChainedInstrumentation",
-            "graphql.execution.ResponseMapFactory",
-            "graphql.execution.instrumentation.SimpleInstrumentation",
-            "graphql.execution.instrumentation.SimpleInstrumentationContext",
-            "graphql.execution.instrumentation.SimplePerformantInstrumentation",
-            "graphql.execution.instrumentation.fieldvalidation.FieldAndArguments",
-            "graphql.execution.instrumentation.fieldvalidation.FieldValidationEnvironment",
             "graphql.execution.instrumentation.fieldvalidation.FieldValidationInstrumentation",
             "graphql.execution.instrumentation.fieldvalidation.SimpleFieldValidation",
             "graphql.execution.instrumentation.parameters.InstrumentationCreateStateParameters",